Anti-tauc3 antibodies and uses thereof

ABSTRACT

Anti-TauC3 antibodies that are at least several orders of magnitude more specific for TauC3 than for full length tau (2N4R) are described. Also described are methods of using anti-TauC3 antibodies.

This is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/838,235,filed Apr. 2, 2020, which claims the benefit of U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 62/829,774, filed on Apr. 5, 2019, the disclosures ofwhich are hereby incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Tau protein is a microtubule associated protein that distributes mainlyto axons and modulates the assembly, spatial organization and behaviorof microtubules (MT) in neurons. Tau protein is encoded by a single genelocated on chromosome 17.

There are six known isoforms of Tau protein. These isoforms differ fromeach other by the presence or absence of 29- or 58-amino acid inserts inthe amino-terminal region and by the addition or deletion of tandemrepeats (which can be repeated either 3 or 4 times) in acarboxy-terminal region of tau, which is referred to as microtubulebinding domain. The microtubule binding domain region is composed ofimperfect repeats of 31 or 32 amino acid residues. The longest tauprotein isoform, (2N4R), is 441 amino acids in length and contains fourrepeats (R1, R2, R3 and R4) and two inserts. The smallest tau isoformcontains 352 amino acid residues with three tandem repeats (R1, R3 andR4) in the microtubule binding domain and no amino terminal inserts. Theamino acid sequences corresponding to the isoforms of the human tauprotein are provided in SEQ ID NOs: 1-6.

SEQ ID NO: 1, the longest tau isoform, htau40, containing two N-terminalinserts and four microtubule binding (2N4R) domains, is as follows:

MAEPRQEFEV MEDHAGTYGL GDRKDQGGYT MHQDQEGDTD AGLKESPLQT PTEDGSEEPG 60SETSDAKSTP TAEDVTAPLV DEGAPGKQAA AQPHTEIPEG TTAEEAGIGD TPSLEDEAAG 120HVTQARMVSK SKDGTGSDDK KAKGADGKTK IATPRGAAPP GQKGQANATR IPAKTPPAPK 180TPPSSGEPPK SGDRSGYSSP GSPGTPGSRS RTPSLPTPPT REPKKVAVVR TPPKSPSSAK 240SRLQTAPVPM PDLKNVKSKI GSTENLKHQP GGGKVQIINK KLDLSNVQSK CGSKDNIKHV 300PGGGSVQIVY KPVDLSKVTS KCGSLGNIHH KPGGGQVEVK SEKLDFKDRV QSKIGSLDNI 360THVPGGGNKK IETHKLTFRE NAKAKTDHGA EIVYKSPVVS GDTSPRHLSN VSSTGSIDMV 420DSPQLATLAD EVSASLAKQG L 441

SEQ ID NO: 2 contains two N-terminal inserts and threemicrotubule-binding domains (2N3R) as follows:

MAEPRQEFEV MEDHAGTYGL GDRKDQGGYT MHQDQEGDTD AGLKESPLQT PTEDGSEEPG 60SETSDAKSTP TAEDVTAPLV DEGAPGKQAA AQPHTEIPEG TTAEEAGIGD TPSLEDEAAG 120HVTQARMVSK SLDGTGSDDK KAKGADGKTK IATPRGAAPP GQKGQANATR IPAKTPPAPK 180TPPSSGEPPK SGDRSGYSSP GSPGTPGSRS RTPSLPTPPT REPKKVAVVR TPPKSPSSAK 240SRLQTAPVPM PDLKNVKSKI GSTENLKHQP GGGKVQIVYK PVDLSKVTSK CGSLGNIHHK 300PGGGQVEVKS EKLDFKDRVQ SKIGSLDNIT HVPGGGNKKI ETHKLTFREN AKAKTDHGAE 360IVYKSPVVSG DTSPAHLSNV SSTGSIDMVD SPQLATLADE VSASLAKQGL 410

SEQ ID NO:3 contains one N-terminal insert and four microtubule-bindingdomains (IN4R) as follows:

MAEPRQEFEV MEDHAGTYGL GDRKDQGGYT MHQDQEGDTD AGLKESPLQT PTGDGSEEPG 60SETSDAKSTP TAEAEEAGIG DTPSLEDEAA GHVTQARMVS KSLDGTGSDD KKAKGADGKT 120LIATPRGAAP PGQKGQANAT RIPAKTPPAP KTPPSSGEPP KSGDRSGYSS PGSPGTPGSR 180SRTPSLPTPP TREPKKVAVV RTPPKSPSSA KSRLQTAPVP MPDLKNVKSK IGSTENLKHQ 240PGGGKVQIIN KKLDLSNVQS KCGSLDNILH VPGGGSVQIV YKPVDLSKVT SKCGSLGNIH 300HKPGGGQVEV KSEKLDFKDR VQSKIGSLDN ITHVPGGGNK KIETHKLTFR ENAKAKTDHG 360AEIVYKSPVV SGDTSPRHLS NVSSTGSIDM VDSPQLATLA DEVSASLAKQ GL 412

SEQ ID NO: 4 contains zero N-terminal inserts and fourmicrotubule-binding domains (0N4R) as follows:

MAEPRQEFEV MEDHAGTYGL GDRLDQGGYT MHQDQEGDTD AGLKAEEAGI GDTPSLEDEA 60AGHVTQARMV SKSKDGTGSD DKKAKGADGK TKIATPRGAA PPGQKGQANA TRIPAKTPPA 120PKTPPSSGEP PKSGDRSGYS SPGSPGTPGS RSRTPSLPTP PTREPKKVAV VATPPKSPSS 180AKSRLQTAPV PMPDLKNVKS LIGSTENLKH QPGGGKVQII NKKLDLSNVQ SKCGSKDNIK 240HVPGGGSVQI VYKPVDLSKV TSKCGSLGNI HHKPGGGQVE VKSEKLDFKD RVQSKIGSLD 300NITHVPGGGN KKIETHKLTF RENAKALTDH GAEIVYKSPV VSGDTSPRHL SNVSSTGSID 360MVDSPQLATL ADEVSASLAK QGL 383

SEQ ID NO: 5 contains one N-terminal insert and threemicrotubule-binding domains (1N3R) as follows:

MAEPRQEFEV MEDHAGTYGL GDRKDQGGYT MHQDQEGDTD AGLKESPLQT PTEDGSEEPG 60SETSDAKSTP TAEAEEAGIG DTPSLEDEAA GHVTQARMVS KSKDGTGSDD KKAKGADGKT 120KIATPRGAAP PGQKGQANAT RIPAKTPPAP KTPPSSGEPP KSGDRSGYSS PGSPGTPGSR 180SRTPSLPTPP TREPKKVAVV RTPPKSPSSA KSRLQTAPVP MPDLKNVKSK IGSTENLKHQ 240PGGGKVQIVY KPVDLSKVTS KCGSLGNIHH KPGGGQVEVK SEKLDFKDRV QSKIGSLDNI 300THVPGGGNKK IETHKLTFRE NAKAKTDHGA EIVYKSPVVS GDTSPRHLSN VSSTGSIDMV 360DSPQLATLAD EVSASLAKQG L 381

SEQ ID NO: 6 contains zero N-terminal inserts and threemicrotubule-binding domains (0N3R) as follows:

MAEPRQEFEV MEDHAGTYGL GDRKDQGGYT MHQDQEGDTD AGLKAEEAGI GDTPSLEDEA 60AGHVTQARMV SKSKDGTGSD DKKAKGADGK TKIATPRGAA PPGQKGQANA TRIPAKTPPA 120PKTPPSSGEP PKSGDRSGYS SPGSPGTPGS RSRTPSLPTP PTREPKKVAV VRTPPKSPSS 180AKSRLQTAPV PMPDLKNVKS KIGSTENLKH QPGGGKVQIV YKPVDLSKVT SKCGSLGNIH 240HKPGGGQVEV KSEKLDFKDR VQSKIGSLDN ITHVPGGGNK KIGTHKLTFR ENAKAKTDHG 300AEIVYKSPVV SGDTSPRHLS NVSSTGSIDM VDSPQLATLA DEVSASLAKQ GL 352

TauC3 is an extremely noxious, nucleating, pre-tangle, intracellular andpreferentially secreted, C-terminally truncated tau fragment ending ataspartate 421. TauC3 exists in low abundance compared to full-length Tau(FLT) (2N4R) but was shown to exert a disproportionately largepathological effect. TauC3 may contribute, e.g., to seeding andspreading of pathological tau aggregation.

Pathological aggregation of tau and spreading of pathological tau in thebrain is associated with over 20 neurodegenerative disorders including,e.g., Alzheimer disease (AD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP),frontotemporal dementia (FTD), traumatic brain injury (TBI), Pick'sdisease (PiD), corticobasal degeneration (CBD), frontotemporal lobardegeneration (FTLD), etc. (collectively referred to as “tauopathies”).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the invention to provide a chimeric antibody thatcould be used in the diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerativedisorders associated with pathological activities of TauC3 in the brain.

It is also an object of the invention to provide a humanized antibodythat could be used in the diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerativedisorders associated with pathological activities of TauC3 in the brain.

It is also an additional object of the invention to provide a humanantibody that could be used in the diagnosis and treatment ofneurodegenerative disorders associated with pathological activities ofTauC3 in the brain.

It is a further object of the invention to provide a chimeric antibodythat is specific for the C-terminus of TauC3.

It is a further object of the invention to provide a chimeric antibodythat is specific for the C-terminus of TauC3 and has an off-rate (K_(d))of 1×10⁻³ s⁻¹ or less.

It is also an object of the invention to provide a humanized antibodythat is specific for the C-terminus of TauC3.

It is also an object of the invention to provide a humanized antibodythat is specific for the C-terminus of TauC3 and has an off-rate (K_(d))of 1×10⁻³ s⁻¹ or less.

In furtherance of the above objects and others, the invention isdirected to chimeric, humanized and human antibodies that are specificfor the C-terminus of TauC3 (“anti-TauC3 antibodies”). The anti-TauC3antibodies have a binding affinity (KD) for TauC3 of from 1×10⁻¹⁰ to1×10⁻¹² and a binding affinity (KD) for full length tau (“FLT”) (SEQ IDNO:1) of from 1×10⁻⁴ to 1×10⁻⁸ M. For example, the anti-TauC3 antibodiesmay have a binding affinity (KD) for TauC3 of about 5×10⁻¹²M to about1.2×10⁻¹⁰ M, from about 1×10⁻¹¹ M to about 1×10⁻¹⁰ M, from about 1×10⁻¹¹M to about 9×10⁻¹¹ M, from about 1×10⁻¹¹ M to about 8×10⁻¹¹ M, fromabout 1×10⁻¹¹ M to about 7×10⁻¹¹ M, from about 1×10⁻¹¹ M to about6×10⁻¹¹ M, from about 1×10⁻¹¹ M to about 5×10⁻¹¹ M, or from about1×10⁻¹¹ M to about 4×10⁻¹¹ M; and a binding affinity (KD) for FLT offrom 1×10⁻⁴ to 1×10⁻⁸ M. In the preferred embodiments, the antibodyretains its binding capability after being subjected to a temperaturefrom about 40° C. to about 67° C. for 10 minutes and also retains itsbinding capability after incubation in serum (e.g., mouse) at 37° C. for21 days. The high capability of the anti-TauC3 antibodies allows theantibodies to target TauC3 without compromising normal physiologicalfunctions of FLT. In some embodiments, the specificity of the antibodyallows to target only the most noxious species of tau. This may allowone, e.g., to potentially reduce the effective therapeutic dose, ascompared to an antibody which is not specific and does not discriminatebetween different species of tau. The anti-TauC3 antibodies, and theirantigen binding fragments, could be used, e.g., in the diagnosis andtreatment of neurodegenerative disorders associated with pathologicalactivities of TauC3 in the brain, including, e.g., Alzheimer disease(AD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), frontotemporal dementia(FTD), traumatic brain injury (TBI), Pick's disease (PiD), corticobasaldegeneration (CBD), frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), etc. Theanti-TauC3 antibody may have an aqueous solubility of 50 mg/ml or more(e.g., from about 50 mg/ml to about 200 mg/ml, from about 55 mg/ml toabout 180 mg/ml, from about 55 mg/ml to about 170 mg/ml, from about 55mg/ml to about 150 mg/ml, from about 55 mg/ml to about 140 mg/ml, fromabout 55 mg/ml to about 130 mg/ml; or from about 60 mg/ml to about 130mg/ml.

The invention is further directed to chimeric, humanized and humananti-TauC3 antibodies that have a higher binding affinity (KD) for TauC3than a murine anti-TauC3 antibody. In some embodiments, the chimeric,humanized and human anti-TauC3 antibodies have a binding affinity (KD)for TauC3 that is at least 2-fold higher, 3-fold higher or 4-fold higherthan the binding affinity (KD) for TauC3 of the murine anti-TauC3antibody. In some embodiments, the murine anti-TauC3 antibody has abinding affinity KD for TauC3 of about 4.9×10⁻¹¹M, and the chimeric,humanized and human anti-TauC3 antibody has a binding affinity KD forTauC3 of from about 1×10⁻¹¹M to about 2.5×10⁻¹¹ M. The chimeric,humanized and human anti-TauC3 antibody may have a binding affinity KDfor TauC3 of, e.g., about 1.1×10⁻¹¹ M, about 1.3×10⁻¹¹M, about1.5×10⁻¹¹M, about 1.7×10⁻¹¹M, about 1.9×10⁻¹¹M, about 2.1×10⁻¹¹ M, orabout 2.3×10⁻¹¹ M. The anti-TauC3 antibody may have an aqueoussolubility of 50 mg/ml or more (e.g., from about 50 mg/ml to about 200mg/ml, from about 55 mg/ml to about 180 mg/ml, from about 55 mg/ml toabout 170 mg/ml, from about 55 mg/ml to about 150 mg/ml, from about 55mg/ml to about 140 mg/ml, from about 55 mg/ml to about 130 mg/ml; orfrom about 100 mg/ml to about 200 mg/ml, from about 100 mg/ml to about180 mg/ml, from about 100 mg/ml to about 170 mg/ml, from about 100 mg/mlto about 150 mg/ml, from about 100 mg/ml to about 140 mg/ml, or fromabout 100 mg/ml to about 130 mg/ml).

The invention is also directed to chimeric, humanized and humananti-TauC3 antibodies that have a binding affinity (KD) for TauC3 offrom 1×10⁻¹⁰ to 1×10⁻¹², with an off-rate (K_(d)) of 1×10⁻³ s⁻¹ or less,and a binding affinity (KD) for FLT of from 1×10⁻⁴ to 1×10⁻⁸ M.

An anti-TauC3 antibody, or an antigen-binding fragment thereof,comprises (a) a heavy chain variable region comprising CDR1 representedby sequence GFTFNTYA (SEQ ID NO: 7), CDR2 represented by IRSKSNNYAT (SEQID NO: 8), and CDR3 represented by VGGGDF (SEQ ID NO: 9); and (b) alight chain variable region comprising CDR1 represented by sequenceQEISVY (SEQ ID NO: 10), CDR2 represented by sequence GAF (SEQ ID NO:11), and CDR3 represented by sequence LQYVRYPWT (SEQ ID NO: 12); and hasa binding affinity (KD) for TauC3 of from 1×10⁻¹⁰ and 1×10⁻¹² and anoff-rate (K_(d)) of 1×10⁻³ or less, and a binding affinity (KD) for FLT(SEQ ID NO:1) of from 1×10⁻⁴ to 1×10⁻⁸ M, or no detectable binding withFLT (SEQ ID NO:1).

In certain embodiments, the anti-TauC3 antibody, or an antigen-bindingfragment thereof, comprises (a) a heavy chain variable region comprisingCDR1 homologous to sequence GFTFNTYA (SEQ ID NO: 7), CDR2 homologous toIRSKSNNYAT (SEQ ID NO: 8), and CDR3 homologous to VGGGDF (SEQ ID NO: 9);and (b) a light chain variable region comprising CDR1 homologous tosequence QEISVY (SEQ ID NO: 10), CDR2 homologous to sequence GAF (SEQ IDNO: 11), and CDR3 homologous to sequence LQYVRYPWT (SEQ ID NO: 12); andhas a binding affinity (KD) for TauC3 of from 1×10⁻¹⁰ and 1×10⁻¹² and anoff-rate (K_(d)) of 1×10⁻³ or less, and a binding affinity (KD) for FLT(SEQ ID NO:1) of from 1×10⁻⁴ to 1×10⁻⁸M, or no detectable binding withFLT (SEQ ID NO:1).

In certain embodiments, the anti-TauC3 antibody, or an antigen-bindingfragment thereof, comprises (a) a heavy chain variable region comprisingCDR1 identical to sequence GFTFNTYA (SEQ ID NO: 7), CDR2 identical toIRSKSNNYAT (SEQ ID NO: 8), and CDR3 identical to VGGGDF (SEQ ID NO: 9);and (b) a light chain variable region comprising CDR1 identical tosequence QEISVY (SEQ ID NO: 10), CDR2 identical to sequence GAF (SEQ IDNO: 11), and CDR3 identical to sequence LQYVRYPWT (SEQ ID NO: 12); andhas a binding affinity (KD) for TauC3 of from 1×10⁻¹⁰ and 1×10⁻¹² and anoff-rate (K_(d)) of 1×10⁻³ or less, and a binding affinity (KD) for FLT(SEQ ID NO:1) of from 1×10⁻⁴ to 1×10⁻⁸M, or no detectable binding withFLT (SEQ ID NO:1).

In certain embodiments, an anti-TauC3 antibody, or an antigen-bindingfragment thereof, comprises (a) a heavy chain variable region comprisingCDR1 of sequence GFTFNTYA (SEQ ID NO: 7), CDR2 of sequence IRSKSNNYAT(SEQ ID NO: 8), and CDR3 of sequence VGGGDF (SEQ ID NO: 9); and (b) alight chain variable region comprising CDR1 of sequence QEISVY (SEQ IDNO: 10), CDR2 of sequence GAF (SEQ ID NO: 11), and CDR3 of sequenceLQYVRYPWT (SEQ ID NO: 12; and has a binding affinity (KD) for TauC3 offrom 1×10⁻¹⁰ and 1×10⁻¹² and an off-rate (K_(d)) of 1×10⁻³ or less, anda binding affinity (KD) for SEQ ID NO:1 of from 1×10⁻⁴ to 1×10⁻⁸ M, orno detectable binding with SEQ ID NO:1, and is used for treatingAlzheimer disease (AD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP),frontotemporal dementia (FTD), traumatic brain injury (TBI), Pick'sdisease (PiD), corticobasal degeneration (CBD), frontotemporal lobardegeneration (FTLD). The antibody may also be used to diagnose atauopathy, e.g., Alzheimer disease (AD), progressive supranuclear palsy(PSP), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), traumatic brain injury (TBI),Pick's disease (PiD), corticobasal degeneration (CBD), or frontotemporallobar degeneration (FTLD).

In one aspect, the invention is directed to an anti-TauC3 antibody,which is a humanized antibody comprising (a) a heavy chain variableregion comprising CDR1 represented by SEQ ID NO: 7, CDR2 represented bySEQ ID NO: 8, and CDR3 represented by SEQ ID NO: 9; and (b) a lightchain variable region comprising CDR1 represented by SEQ ID NO: 10, CDR2represented by SEQ ID NO: 11, and CDR3 represented by SEQ ID NO: 12; andhas a binding affinity (KD) for TauC3 of from 1×10⁻¹⁰ and 1×10⁻¹² and anoff-rate (K_(d)) of 1×10⁻³ s⁻¹ or less (e.g., from 1×10⁻⁴ to 1×10⁻³s⁻¹), and a binding affinity (KD) for FLT (SEQ ID NO:1) of from 1×10⁻⁴to 1×10⁻⁸M, or no detectable binding with FLT. Thus, the humanizedantibody may comprise (a) a heavy chain variable region comprising CDR1of SEQ ID NO: 7, CDR2 of SEQ ID NO: 8, and CDR3 of SEQ ID NO: 9; and (b)a light chain variable region comprising CDR1 of SEQ ID NO: 10, CDR2 ofSEQ ID NO: 11, and CDR3 of SEQ ID NO: 12; and has a binding affinity(KD) for TauC3 of from 1×10⁻¹⁰ and 1×10⁻¹² and an off-rate (K_(d)) of1×10⁻³ or less (e.g., from 1×10⁻⁴ to 1×10⁻³ s⁻¹), and a binding affinity(KD) for SEQ ID NO:1 of from 1×10⁻⁴ to 1×10⁻⁸M, or no detectable bindingwith FLT, and used in treating a tauopathy, e.g., Alzheimer disease(AD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), frontotemporal dementia(FTD), traumatic brain injury (TBI), Pick's disease (PiD), corticobasaldegeneration (CBD), frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), etc.

In one aspect, the invention is directed to an anti-TauC3 antibody,which is a humanized antibody comprising (a) a heavy chain variableregion comprising CDR1 identical to SEQ ID NO: 7, CDR2 identical to SEQID NO: 8, and CDR3 identical to SEQ ID NO: 9; and (b) a light chainvariable region comprising CDR1 identical to SEQ ID NO: 7, CDR2identical to SEQ ID NO: 11, and CDR3 identical to SEQ ID NO: 12; and hasa binding affinity (KD) for TauC3 of from 1×10⁻¹⁰ and 1×10⁻¹² and anoff-rate (K_(d)) of 1×10⁻³ s⁻¹ or less (e.g., from 1×10⁻⁴ to 1×10⁻³s⁻¹), and a binding affinity (KD) for FLT (SEQ ID NO:1) of from 1×10⁻⁴to 1×10⁻⁸ M, or no detectable binding with FLT. Thus, the humanizedantibody may comprise (a) a heavy chain variable region with CDR1 of SEQID NO: 7, CDR2 of SEQ ID NO: 8, and CDR3 of SEQ ID NO: 9; and (b) alight chain variable region with CDR1 of SEQ ID NO: 10, CDR2 of SEQ IDNO: 11, and CDR3 of SEQ ID NO: 12; and has a binding affinity (KD) forTauC3 of from 1×10⁻¹⁰ and 1×10⁻¹² and an off-rate (K_(d)) of 1×10⁻³ orless (e.g., from 1×10⁻⁴ to 1×10⁻³ s⁻¹), and a binding affinity (KD) forSEQ ID NO:1 of from 1×10⁻⁴ to 1×10⁻⁸ M, or no detectable binding withFLT, and used in treating a tauopathy, e.g., Alzheimer disease (AD),progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), frontotemporal dementia (FTD),traumatic brain injury (TBI), Pick's disease (PiD), corticobasaldegeneration (CBD), frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), etc.

In one aspect, the invention is directed to an anti-TauC3 antibody,which is a humanized antibody comprising (a) a heavy chain variableregion comprising CDR1 homologous to SEQ ID NO: 7, CDR2 homologous toSEQ ID NO: 8, and CDR3 homologous to SEQ ID NO: 9; and (b) a light chainvariable region comprising CDR1 homologous to SEQ ID NO:, CDR2homologous to SEQ ID NO: 11, and CDR3 homologous to SEQ ID NO: 12; andhas a binding affinity (KD) for TauC3 of from 1×10⁻¹⁰ and 1×10⁻¹² and anoff-rate (K_(d)) of 1×10⁻³ s⁻¹ or less (e.g., from 1×10⁻⁴ to 1×10⁻³s⁻¹), and a binding affinity (KD) for FLT (SEQ ID NO:1) of from 1×10⁻⁴to 1×10⁻⁸M, or no detectable binding with FLT. Thus, the humanizedantibody may comprise (a) a heavy chain variable region comprising CDR1of SEQ ID NO: 7, CDR2 of SEQ ID NO: 8, and CDR3 of SEQ ID NO: 9; and (b)a light chain variable region comprising CDR1 of SEQ ID NO: 10, CDR2 ofSEQ ID NO: 11, and CDR3 of SEQ ID NO: 12; and has a binding affinity(KD) for TauC3 of from 1×10⁻¹⁰ and 1×10⁻¹² and an off-rate (K_(d)) of1×10⁻³ or less (e.g., from 1×10⁻⁴ to 1×10⁻³ s⁻¹), and a binding affinity(KD) for SEQ ID NO:1 of from 1×10⁻⁴ to 1×10⁻⁸M, or no detectable bindingwith FLT, and used in treating a tauopathy, e.g., Alzheimer disease(AD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), frontotemporal dementia(FTD), traumatic brain injury (TBI), Pick's disease (PiD), corticobasaldegeneration (CBD), frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), etc.

The humanized antibody may, e.g., comprise:

(a) a variable heavy chain comprising sequenceLVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLKLSCAASGFTFNTYAMNWVRQASGKGLEWVARIRSKS-NNYATYYAASVKGRFTISRDDSKSMAYLQMDSLKTEDTAVYYCVGGGDFWGQGTLVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 13) or a sequence homologous to SEQ ID NO: 13; and

(b) the variable light chain comprising a sequence selected from thegroup consisting ofDIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQEISVYLGWFQQKPGKAPKRLIYGAFKLQSGVPSRFSGSRSGTEFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCLQYVRYPWTFGGGTKVEIK (SEQ ID NO: 14) or asequence homologous to SEQ ID NO: 14,

DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQEISVYLGWYQQKPGKAPKRLIYGAFTLQSGVPSRFSGSRSGTEYTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCLQYVRYPWTFGGGTKVEIK (SEQ ID NO: 15) ora sequence homologous to SEQ ID NO: 15,

DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQEISVYLGWYQQKPGKAPKRLIYGAFSLQSGVPSRFSGSRSGTEYTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCLQYVRYPWTFGGGTKVEIK (SEQ ID NO: 16) ora sequence homologous to SEQ ID NO: 16,

DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQEISVYLGWFQQKPGKAPKRLIYGAFKLQSGVPSRFSGSRSGTEYTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCLQYVRYPWTFGGGTKVEIK (SEQ ID NO: 17) ora sequence homologous to SEQ ID NO: 17, and

DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQEISVYLSWFQQKPGKAIKRLIYGAFSLQSGVPSRFSGSRSGTEYTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCLQYVRYPWTFGGGTKVEIK (SEQ ID NO: 18) or asequence homologous to SEQ ID NO: 18, and

have a binding affinity (KD) for TauC3 of from 1×10⁻¹⁰ and 9×10⁻¹², anda binding affinity (KD) for FLT (SEQ ID NO:1) of from 1×10⁻⁴ to 1×10⁻⁸M, or no detectable binding with FLT.

In certain embodiments, the humanized antibody comprises a variableheavy chain (V_(H)) polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 13 and the variable lightchain (V_(L)) polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO:17, or SEQ ID NO: 18.

In certain embodiments, the humanized antibody comprises (a) a variableheavy chain (V_(H)) polypeptide comprising CDR1 represented by SEQ IDNO: 7, CDR2 represented by SEQ ID NO: 8, and CDR3 represented by SEQ IDNO: 9, the variable heavy chain (V_(H)) polypeptide possessing at least70% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 13; and (b) a variable light chain(V_(L)) polypeptide comprising CDR1 represented by SEQ ID NO: 10, CDR2represented by SEQ ID NO: 11, and CDR3 represented by SEQ ID NO: 12, thevariable light chain (V_(L)) polypeptide possessing at least 70%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ IDNO: 17, or SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO: 18.

In certain embodiments, the humanized antibody comprises a V_(L) chainpolypeptide possessing at least 75% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 13,and a V_(H) chain polypeptide possessing at least 75% sequence identityto SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, or SEQ IDNO: 18.

In certain embodiments, the humanized antibody comprises a V_(L) chainpolypeptide possessing at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 13,and a V_(H) chain polypeptide possessing at least 80% sequence identityto SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, or SEQ IDNO: 18.

In certain embodiments, the humanized antibody comprises a V_(L) chainpolypeptide possessing at least 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 13,and a V_(H) chain polypeptide possessing at least 85% sequence identityto SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, or SEQ IDNO: 18.

In certain embodiments, the humanized antibody comprises a V_(L) chainpolypeptide possessing at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 13,and a V_(H) chain polypeptide possessing at least 90% sequence identityto SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, or SEQ IDNO: 18.

In certain embodiments, the humanized antibody comprises a V_(L) chainpolypeptide possessing at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 13,and a V_(H) chain polypeptide possessing at least 95% sequence identityto SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, or SEQ IDNO: 18.

In certain embodiments, the anti-TauC3 antibody comprises a variableheavy chain (V_(H)) polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 13; and thevariable light chain (V_(L)) polypeptide comprising a sequence selectedfrom the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO: 17, and SEQ ID NO: 18.

In certain embodiments, the anti-TauC3 antibody comprises (i) a variableheavy chain (V_(H)) polypeptide comprising CDR1, CDR2 and CDR 3, whereinCDR1 is a polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 7, CDR2 is a polypeptide of SEQ IDNO: 8, and CDR3 is a polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 9; and (ii) a light chain(V_(L)) polypeptide comprising CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3, wherein CDR1 is apolypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 10, CDR2 is a polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 11,and CDR3 is a polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 12.

In certain embodiments, anti-TauC3 antibody comprises (i) a variableheavy chain (V_(H)) polypeptide; and (ii) a light chain (V_(L))polypeptide, wherein the variable heavy chain (V_(H)) polypeptide is apolypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 13 and the variable light chain (V_(L))polypeptide is a polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO: 17, or SEQ ID NO: 18.

The anti-TauC3 antibody could also be a chimeric antibody comprising (a)a heavy chain variable region comprising CDR1 represented by SEQ ID NO:7 or a sequence homologous to SEQ ID NO: 7, CDR2 represented by SEQ IDNO: 8 or a sequence homologous to SEQ ID NO: 8, and CDR3 represented bySEQ ID NO: 9 or a sequence homologous to SEQ ID NO:9; and (b) a lightchain variable region comprising CDR1 represented by SEQ ID NO: 10 or asequence homologous to SEQ ID NO: 10, CDR2 represented by SEQ ID NO: 11or a sequence homologous to SEQ ID NO: 11, and CDR3 represented by SEQID NO: 12 or a sequence homologous to SEQ ID NO: 12; and having abinding affinity (KD) for TauC3 of from 1×10⁻¹⁰ and 1×10⁻¹² and anoff-rate (K_(d)) of 1×10⁻³ s⁻¹ or less (e.g., from 1×10⁻⁴ to 1×10⁻³s⁻¹), and a binding affinity (KD) for FLT (SEQ ID NO:1) of from 1×10⁻⁴to 1×10⁻⁸M, or no detectable binding with FLT (SEQ ID NO:1).

The invention is also directed to an antigen-binding fragment of anantibody comprising (a) a heavy chain variable region comprising CDR1represented by SEQ ID NO: 7, CDR2 represented by SEQ ID NO: 8, and CDR3represented by SEQ ID NO: 9; and (b) a light chain variable regioncomprising CDR1 represented by SEQ ID NO: 10, CDR2 represented by SEQ IDNO: 11, and CDR3 represented by SEQ ID NO: 12; and having a bindingaffinity (KD) for TauC3 of from 1×10⁻¹⁰ and 1×10⁻¹² and an off-rate(K_(d)) of 1×10⁻³ s⁻¹ or less (e.g., from 1×10⁻⁴ to 1×10⁻³ s⁻¹), and abinding affinity (KD) for FLT (SEQ ID NO:1) of from 1×10⁻⁴ to 1×10⁻⁸ M,or no detectable binding with FLT (SEQ ID NO:1). The antigen bindingfragment of the antibody could, e.g., be a Fab fragment, a Fab′fragment, a F(ab′)2 fragment, or a scFv fragment.

The invention is also directed to an antigen-binding fragment of anantibody comprising (a) a heavy chain variable region comprising CDR1homologous to SEQ ID NO: 7, CDR2 homologous to SEQ ID NO: 8, and CDR3homologous to SEQ ID NO: 9; and (b) a light chain variable regioncomprising CDR1 homologous to SEQ ID NO: 10, CDR2 homologous to SEQ IDNO: 11, and CDR3 homologous to SEQ ID NO: 12; and having a bindingaffinity (KD) for TauC3 of from 1×10⁻¹⁰ and 1×10⁻¹² and an off-rate(K_(d)) of 1×10⁻³ s⁻¹ or less (e.g., from 1×10⁻⁴ to 1×10⁻³ s⁻¹), and abinding affinity (KD) for FLT (SEQ ID NO:1) of from 1×10⁻⁴ to 1×10⁻⁸ M,or no detectable binding with FLT (SEQ ID NO:1). The antigen bindingfragment of the antibody could, e.g., be a Fab fragment, a Fab′fragment, a F(ab′)2 fragment, or a scFv fragment.

The invention is also directed to an antigen-binding fragment of anantibody comprising (a) a heavy chain variable region comprising CDR1identical to SEQ ID NO: 7, CDR2 identical to SEQ ID NO: 8, and CDR3identical to SEQ ID NO: 9; and (b) a light chain variable regioncomprising CDR1 identical to SEQ ID NO: 10, CDR2 identical to SEQ ID NO:11, and CDR3 identical to SEQ ID NO: 12; and having a binding affinity(KD) for TauC3 of from 1×10⁻¹⁰ and 1×10⁻¹² and an off-rate (K_(d)) of1×10⁻³ s⁻¹ or less (e.g., from 1×10⁻⁴ to 1×10⁻³ s⁻¹), and a bindingaffinity (KD) for FLT (SEQ ID NO:1) of from 1×10⁻⁴ to 1×10⁻⁸M, or nodetectable binding with FLT (SEQ ID NO:1). The antigen binding fragmentof the antibody could, e.g., be a Fab fragment, a Fab′ fragment, aF(ab′)2 fragment, or a scFv fragment.

The invention is also directed to methods of blocking uptake ofpathological tau, methods of blocking pathological tau seedingactivities, methods of inhibiting pathological tau aggregation, andmethods of blocking spreading of pathological tau, tau fibrils and tauaggregates from one neuron to another or from one part of the brain toanother. The methods comprise administering an effective amount ofanti-TauC3 antibodies to a subject in need thereof. In some of theseembodiments, the anti-TauC3 comprises (a) a variable heavy chain (V_(H))polypeptide comprising CDR1 represented by SEQ ID NO: 7, CDR2represented by SEQ ID NO: 8, and CDR3 represented by SEQ ID NO: 9, and(b) a variable light chain (V_(L)) polypeptide comprising CDR1represented by SEQ ID NO: 10, CDR2 represented by SEQ ID NO: 11, andCDR3 represented by SEQ ID NO: 12.

Once administered, the anti-TauC3 antibodies may block or slow spreadingof pathological tau from one neuron to another or from one part of thebrain to another by, e.g., blocking or slowing down TauC3 seedingactivities, e.g., by essentially blocking or slowing down intracellularuptake of TauC3. This mechanism takes place extracellularly and does notrequire for the anti-TauC3 antibodies to be present inside the neurons.The anti-TauC3 antibodies are able to block or slow down spreading ofTauC3 tau, fibrils comprising TauC3 and aggregates comprising TauC3 fromone neuron to another and from one part of the brain to another. Theaggregates may comprise a heterogeneous population of full-length tau(e.g., 2N4R), tau oligomers and/or post-translationally modified tau(truncated or hyperphosphorylated). In addition to blockingintracellular uptake of TauC3 and fibrils comprising TauC3, theanti-TauC3 antibodies may also block or slow down pathological tauaggregation inside the cells (e.g., neurons). Because the antibodieshave substantially no affinity for full length tau (e.g., 2N4R), theantibodies should not interfere with normal non-pathological functionsof full length tau. In some embodiments, the anti-TauC3 antibodycomprises (a) a variable heavy chain (V_(H)) polypeptide comprising CDR1represented by SEQ ID NO: 7, CDR2 represented by SEQ ID NO: 8, and CDR3represented by SEQ ID NO: 9, and (b) a variable light chain (V_(L))polypeptide comprising CDR1 represented by SEQ ID NO: 10, CDR2represented by SEQ ID NO: 11, and CDR3 represented by SEQ ID NO: 12.

The anti-TauC3 antibodies may also slow the spreading of fibrils andaggregates comprising TauC3 by binding extracellular TauC3 andaggregates comprising TauC3 released from cells, thereby preventingentry of TauC3 and aggregates comprising TauC3 into neighboring cellsand slowing spread of tau aggregation from one neuron to another andfrom one part of the brain to another. Therefore, the anti-TauC3antibodies may serve as means for preventing entry of TauC3 oraggregates comprising TauC3 into a cell (e.g., a neuron). In someembodiments, the anti-TauC3 antibody comprises (a) a variable heavychain (V_(H)) polypeptide comprising CDR1 represented by SEQ ID NO: 7,CDR2 represented by SEQ ID NO: 8, and CDR3 represented by SEQ ID NO: 9,and (b) a variable light chain (V_(L)) polypeptide comprising CDR1represented by SEQ ID NO: 10, CDR2 represented by SEQ ID NO: 11, andCDR3 represented by SEQ ID NO: 12.

The anti-TauC3 antibodies may also be used to slow and/or reduceneuron-to-neuron spreading of tau aggregation. For example, theanti-TauC3 antibodies may promote the disaggregation of protein fibrilscomprising TauC3, block the intracellular conversion of monomeric TauC3into fibrils and/or aggregates comprising TauC3, and promoteintracellular degradation of fibrils comprising TauC3 and/or aggregatescomprising TauC3. In addition to TauC3, the fibrils and aggregates maycomprise a heterogeneous population of full-length tau (e.g., 2N4R), tauoligomers and/or post-translationally modified tau (truncated orhyperphosphorylated). In some embodiments, the anti-TauC3 antibodycomprises (a) a variable heavy chain (V_(H)) polypeptide comprising CDR1represented by SEQ ID NO: 7, CDR2 represented by SEQ ID NO: 8, and CDR3represented by SEQ ID NO: 9, and (b) a variable light chain (V_(L))polypeptide comprising CDR1 represented by SEQ ID NO: 10, CDR2represented by SEQ ID NO: 11, and CDR3 represented by SEQ ID NO: 12.

The anti-TauC3 antibodies may decrease brain atrophy in a subject with atauopathy. In some embodiments, the anti-TauC3 antibody comprises (a) avariable heavy chain (V_(H)) polypeptide comprising CDR1 represented bySEQ ID NO: 7, CDR2 represented by SEQ ID NO: 8, and CDR3 represented bySEQ ID NO: 9, and (b) a variable light chain (V_(L)) polypeptidecomprising CDR1 represented by SEQ ID NO: 10, CDR2 represented by SEQ IDNO: 11, and CDR3 represented by SEQ ID NO: 12.

The anti-TauC3 antibodies may also inhibit formation of insolubleaggregates comprising a heterogeneous population of full-length tau(e.g., 2N4R), tau oligomers and/or post-translationally modified tau(truncated or hyperphosphorylated), e.g., reducing the amount ofpathological tau in the brain (e.g., TauC3, fibrils comprising TauC3 andaggregates comprising TauC3). In some embodiments, the anti-TauC3antibody comprises (a) a variable heavy chain (V_(H)) polypeptidecomprising CDR1 represented by SEQ ID NO: 7, CDR2 represented by SEQ IDNO: 8, and CDR3 represented by SEQ ID NO: 9, and (b) a variable lightchain (V_(L)) polypeptide comprising CDR1 represented by SEQ ID NO: 10,CDR2 represented by SEQ ID NO: 11, and CDR3 represented by SEQ ID NO:12.

In certain embodiments, the anti-TauC3 antibodies inhibit pathologicalaggregation of full-length Tau (e.g., 2N4R). In some of embodiments, theanti-TauC3 comprises (a) a variable heavy chain (V_(H)) polypeptidecomprising CDR1 represented by SEQ ID NO: 7, CDR2 represented by SEQ IDNO: 8, and CDR3 represented by SEQ ID NO: 9, and (b) a variable lightchain (V_(L)) polypeptide comprising CDR1 represented by SEQ ID NO: 10,CDR2 represented by SEQ ID NO: 11, and CDR3 represented by SEQ ID NO:12.

In certain embodiments, the administration of the anti-TauC3 antibodiesmay immunize the subject from developing a tauopathy. In some ofembodiments, the anti-TauC3 comprises (a) a variable heavy chain (V_(H))polypeptide comprising CDR1 represented by SEQ ID NO: 7, CDR2represented by SEQ ID NO: 8, and CDR3 represented by SEQ ID NO: 9, and(b) a variable light chain (V_(L)) polypeptide comprising CDR1represented by SEQ ID NO: 10, CDR2 represented by SEQ ID NO: 11, andCDR3 represented by SEQ ID NO: 12.

The administration of the anti-TauC3 antibodies may reduce symptom(s) ofa tauopathy in a subject and/or slow down the progress of tauopathy inthe subject. For example, in certain embodiments, the administration ofthe anti-TauC3 antibodies may improve cognitive function of and/ormotor/sensorimotor function in a subject with a tauopathy. In someembodiments, the anti-TauC3 antibody comprises (a) a variable heavychain (V_(H)) polypeptide comprising CDR1 represented by SEQ ID NO: 7,CDR2 represented by SEQ ID NO: 8, and CDR3 represented by SEQ ID NO: 9,and (b) a variable light chain (V_(L)) polypeptide comprising CDR1represented by SEQ ID NO: 10, CDR2 represented by SEQ ID NO: 11, andCDR3 represented by SEQ ID NO: 12.

The anti-TauC3 antibodies of the invention may be used to treat atauopathy in a human subject. Administrations of the anti-TauC3antibodies for the treatments of Alzheimer disease (AD), progressivesupranuclear palsy (PSP), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), traumatic braininjury (TBI), Pick's disease (PiD), corticobasal degeneration (CBD),frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) are specifically contemplated.In some embodiments, the anti-TauC3 comprises (a) a variable heavy chain(V_(H)) polypeptide comprising CDR1 represented by SEQ ID NO: 7, CDR2represented by SEQ ID NO: 8, and CDR3 represented by SEQ ID NO: 9, and(b) a variable light chain (V_(L)) polypeptide comprising CDR1represented by SEQ ID NO: 10, CDR2 represented by SEQ ID NO: 11, andCDR3 represented by SEQ ID NO: 12.

In certain embodiments, the invention is directed to a method ofreducing the spread of tau aggregation in the brain of a subjectcomprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of anti-TauC3antibody to the subject, wherein the antibody binds TauC3, but not fulllength Tau. In some embodiments, the anti-TauC3 antibody comprises (a) avariable heavy chain (V_(H)) polypeptide comprising CDR1 represented bySEQ ID NO: 7, CDR2 represented by SEQ ID NO: 8, and CDR3 represented bySEQ ID NO: 9, and (b) a variable light chain (V_(L)) polypeptidecomprising CDR1 represented by SEQ ID NO: 10, CDR2 represented by SEQ IDNO: 11, and CDR3 represented by SEQ ID NO: 12.

The invention is further directed to a method of treating a tauopathy ina subject comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount ofanti-TauC3 antibody sufficient to block TauC3 seeding activity to thesubject, wherein the anti-TauC3 antibody is a humanized antibody. Insome embodiments, the humanized anti-TauC3 comprises (a) a variableheavy chain (V_(H)) polypeptide comprising CDR1 represented by SEQ IDNO: 7, CDR2 represented by SEQ ID NO: 8, and CDR3 represented by SEQ IDNO: 9, and (b) a variable light chain (V_(L)) polypeptide comprisingCDR1 represented by SEQ ID NO: 10, CDR2 represented by SEQ ID NO: 11,and CDR3 represented by SEQ ID NO: 12.

The invention is also directed to a method of treating a tauopathy in asubject comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount ofanti-TauC3 antibody sufficient to block reuptake of TauC3 by neurons tothe subject, wherein the anti-TauC3 antibody is a chimeric antibody. Insome embodiments, the anti-TauC3 comprises (a) a variable heavy chain(V_(H)) polypeptide comprising CDR1 represented by SEQ ID NO: 7, CDR2represented by SEQ ID NO: 8, and CDR3 represented by SEQ ID NO: 9, and(b) a variable light chain (V_(L)) polypeptide comprising CDR1represented by SEQ ID NO: 10, CDR2 represented by SEQ ID NO: 11, andCDR3 represented by SEQ ID NO: 12.

The invention is also directed to a method of treating Alzheimer diseasein a subject comprising administering a therapeutically effective amountof anti-TauC3 antibody to the subject, wherein the anti-TauC3 antibodyis a humanized or chimeric antibody having a binding affinity (KD) forTauC3 of from 1×10⁻¹⁰ and 1×10⁻¹², with an off-rate (K_(d)) of 1×10⁻³s⁻¹ or less, and a binding affinity (KD) for FLT of from 1×10⁻⁴ to1×10⁻⁸ M. In some of these embodiments, the anti-TauC3 comprises (a) avariable heavy chain (V_(H)) polypeptide comprising CDR1 represented bySEQ ID NO: 7, CDR2 represented by SEQ ID NO: 8, and CDR3 represented bySEQ ID NO: 9, and (b) a variable light chain (V_(L)) polypeptidecomprising CDR1 represented by SEQ ID NO: 10, CDR2 represented by SEQ IDNO: 11, and CDR3 represented by SEQ ID NO: 12.

The invention is also directed to a method of treating progressivesupranuclear palsy (PSP) in a subject comprising administering atherapeutically effective amount of anti-TauC3 antibody to the subject,wherein the anti-TauC3 antibody is a humanized or chimeric antibodyhaving a binding affinity (KD) for TauC3 of from 1×10⁻¹⁰ and 1×10⁻¹²,with an off-rate (K_(d)) of 1×10⁻³ s⁻¹ or less, and a binding affinity(KD) for FLT (SEQ ID NO:1) of from 1×10⁻⁴ to 1×10⁻⁸ M. In some of theseembodiments, the anti-TauC3 comprises (a) a variable heavy chain (V_(H))polypeptide comprising CDR1 represented by SEQ ID NO: 7, CDR2represented by SEQ ID NO: 8, and CDR3 represented by SEQ ID NO: 9, and(b) a variable light chain (V_(L)) polypeptide comprising CDR1represented by SEQ ID NO: 10, CDR2 represented by SEQ ID NO: 11, andCDR3 represented by SEQ ID NO: 12.

The invention is also directed to a method of treating frontotemporaldementia (FTD) in a subject comprising administering a therapeuticallyeffective amount of anti-TauC3 antibody to the subject, wherein theanti-TauC3 antibody is a humanized or chimeric antibody having a bindingaffinity (KD) for TauC3 of from 1×10¹⁰ and 1×10⁻¹², with an off-rate(K_(d)) of 1×10⁻³ s⁻¹ or less, and a binding affinity (KD) for FLT (SEQID NO:1) of from 1×10⁻⁴ to 1×10⁻⁸ M. In some of these embodiments, theanti-TauC3 comprises (a) a variable heavy chain (V_(H)) polypeptidecomprising CDR1 represented by SEQ ID NO: 7, CDR2 represented by SEQ IDNO: 8, and CDR3 represented by SEQ ID NO: 9, and (b) a variable lightchain (V_(L)) polypeptide comprising CDR1 represented by SEQ ID NO: 10,CDR2 represented by SEQ ID NO 11, and CDR3 represented by SEQ ID NO: 12.

The invention is also directed to a method of treating traumatic braininjury (TBI) in a subject comprising administering a therapeuticallyeffective amount of anti-TauC3 antibody to the subject, wherein theanti-TauC3 antibody is a humanized or chimeric antibody having a bindingaffinity (KD) for TauC3 of from 1×10⁻¹⁰ and 1×10⁻¹², with an off-rate(K_(d)) of 1×10⁻³ s⁻¹ or less, and a binding affinity (KD) for FLT (SEQID NO:1) of from 1×10⁻⁴ to 1×10⁻⁸ M. In some of these embodiments, theanti-TauC3 comprises (a) a variable heavy chain (V_(H)) polypeptidecomprising CDR1 represented by SEQ ID NO: 7, CDR2 represented by SEQ IDNO: 8, and CDR3 represented by SEQ ID NO: 9, and (b) a variable lightchain (V_(L)) polypeptide comprising CDR1 represented by SEQ ID NO: 10,CDR2 represented by SEQ ID NO: 11, and CDR3 represented by SEQ ID NO:12.

The invention is also directed to a method of treating Pick's disease(PiD) in a subject comprising administering a therapeutically effectiveamount of anti-TauC3 antibody to the subject, wherein the anti-TauC3antibody is a humanized or chimeric antibody having a binding affinity(KD) for TauC3 of from 1×10⁻¹⁰ and 1×10⁻¹², with an off-rate (K_(d)) of1×10⁻³ s⁻¹ or less, and a binding affinity (KD) for FLT (SEQ ID NO:1) offrom 1×10⁻⁴ to 1×10⁻⁸ M. In some of these embodiments, the anti-TauC3comprises (a) a variable heavy chain (V_(H)) polypeptide comprising CDR1represented by SEQ ID NO: 7, CDR2 represented by SEQ ID NO: 8, and CDR3represented by SEQ ID NO: 9, and (b) a variable light chain (V_(L))polypeptide comprising CDR1 represented by SEQ ID NO: 10, CDR2represented by SEQ ID NO: 11, and CDR3 represented by SEQ ID NO: 12.

The invention is also directed to a method of treating corticobasaldegeneration (CBD) in a subject comprising administering atherapeutically effective amount of anti-TauC3 antibody to the subject,wherein the anti-TauC3 antibody is a humanized or chimeric antibodyhaving a binding affinity (KD) for TauC3 of from 1×10⁻¹⁰ and 1×10⁻¹²,with an off-rate (K_(d)) of 1×10⁻³ s⁻¹ or less, and a binding affinity(KD) for FLT (SEQ ID NO:1) of from 1×10⁻⁴ to 1×10⁻⁸ M. In some of theseembodiments, the anti-TauC3 comprises (a) a variable heavy chain (V_(H))polypeptide comprising CDR1 represented by SEQ ID NO: 7, CDR2represented by SEQ ID NO: 8, and CDR3 represented by SEQ ID NO: 9, and(b) a variable light chain (V_(L)) polypeptide comprising CDR1represented by SEQ ID NO: 10, CDR2 represented by SEQ ID NO: 11, andCDR3 represented by SEQ ID NO: 12.

The invention is also directed to a method of treating frontotemporallobar degeneration (FTLD) in a subject comprising administering atherapeutically effective amount of anti-TauC3 antibody to the subject,wherein the anti-TauC3 antibody is a humanized or chimeric antibodyhaving a binding affinity (KD) for TauC3 of from 1×10⁻¹⁰ and 1×10⁻¹²,with an off-rate (K_(d)) of 1×10⁻³ s⁻¹ or less, and a binding affinity(KD) for FLT of from 1×10⁻⁴ to 1×10⁻⁸ M. In some of these embodiments,the anti-TauC3 comprises (a) a variable heavy chain (V_(H)) polypeptidecomprising CDR1 represented by SEQ ID NO: 7, CDR2 represented by SEQ IDNO: 8, and CDR3 represented by SEQ ID NO: 9, and (b) a variable lightchain (V_(L)) polypeptide comprising CDR1 represented by SEQ ID NO: 10,CDR2 represented by SEQ ID NO: 11, and CDR3 represented by SEQ ID NO:12.

The invention is also directed to therapeutic agents and compositionsfor blocking intracellular uptake of pathological tau; therapeuticagents and compositions for blocking tau seeding activities; therapeuticagents and compositions for blocking tau aggregation; and therapeuticagents and compositions for blocking pathological spreading of tau, taufibrils, tau aggregates, and fragments of any of the foregoing, from onepart of the brain to another, the pathological spreading induced ormodulated by TauC3. The therapeutic agents and compositions comprise theanti-TauC3 antibodies described above and below. In addition to theanti-TauC3 antibodies, the compositions of the invention may compriseone or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipient(s). The therapeuticagents or compositions may also be used for passive immunization fromand treatment of tauopathies, e.g., Alzheimer disease (AD), progressivesupranuclear palsy (PSP), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), traumatic braininjury (TBI), Pick's disease (PiD), corticobasal degeneration (CBD),frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), etc. In certain embodiments,the composition may further include agent(s) that prevents TauC3production (e.g., caspase inhibitors) or promotes clearance (e.g., smallmolecule TauC3 aggregation inhibitor(s)).

The invention is further directed to compositions comprising ananti-TauC3 antibody and one or more pharmaceutically acceptableexcipient(s), wherein the anti-TauC3 antibody is a humanized or chimericantibody having a binding affinity (KD) for TauC3 of from 1×10⁻¹⁰ and1×10⁻¹², with an off-rate (K_(d)) of 1×10⁻³ s⁻¹ or less, and a bindingaffinity (KD) for FLT (SEQ ID NO:1) of from 1×10⁻⁴ to 1×10⁻⁸ M. In someof these embodiments, the anti-TauC3 comprises (a) a variable heavychain (V_(H)) polypeptide comprising CDR1 represented by SEQ ID NO: 7,CDR2 represented by SEQ ID NO: 8, and CDR3 represented by SEQ ID NO: 9,and (b) a variable light chain (V_(L)) polypeptide comprising CDR1represented by SEQ ID NO: 10, CDR2 represented by SEQ ID NO 11, and CDR3represented by SEQ ID NO: 12. The composition may, e.g., be a liquidcomposition. The composition comprises an effective amount of theanti-TauC3 antibody to treat a tauopathy, including, e.g., Alzheimerdisease (AD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), frontotemporaldementia (FTD), traumatic brain injury (TBI), Pick's disease (PiD),corticobasal degeneration (CBD), frontotemporal lobar degeneration(FTLD), etc. In certain preferred embodiments, the compositions arestable (i.e., at least 90% of the anti-TauC3 antibodies in thecomposition retain their binding capability after storage of thecomposition at 37° C. for 21 days).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1. Protein (SEQ ID NO: 122) and DNA (SEQ ID NO: 142) sequence ofMoTau01 Kappa Light Chain Variable Region.

FIG. 2. Protein (SEQ ID NO: 105) and DNA (SEQ ID NO: 143) Sequence ofMoTau01 Heavy Chain Variable Region.

FIG. 3. pHuK LIC vector.

FIG. 4. pHuG4 LIC vector.

FIG. 5. Protein (SEQ ID NO: 145) and DNA (SEQ ID NO: 144) Sequence ofchimeric MoTau01 VK.

FIG. 6. Protein (SEQ ID NO: 147) and DNA (SEQ ID NO: 146) Sequence ofchimeric MoTau01 VH.

FIGS. 7A and 7B. Binding test of chimeric Tau01 to TauC3 and FL Tauusing binding ELISA.

FIGS. 8A to 8D. Binding test of murine and chimeric Tau01 antibodies toTauC3 and FL Tau using the Octet.

FIG. 9. Protein (SEQ ID NO: 107) and DNA (SEQ ID NO:148) Sequence ofTau01 HA.

FIG. 10. Protein (SEQ ID NO: 108) and DNA (SEQ ID NO: 149) Sequence ofTau01 HB.

FIG. 11. Protein (SEQ ID NO: 109) and DNA (SEQ ID NO: 150) Sequence ofTau01 HC.

FIG. 12. Protein (SEQ ID NO: 124) and DNA (SEQ ID NO: 151) Sequence ofTau01 KA.

FIG. 13. Protein (SEQ ID NO: 125) and DNA(SEQ ID NO: 152) Sequence ofTau01 KB.

FIG. 14. Protein (SEQ ID NO: 126) and DNA (SEQ ID NO:154) Sequence ofTau01 KC.

FIG. 15. Binding of humanized and chimeric Tau01 to TauC3: A and Bversions.

FIGS. 16A and 16B. Binding ELISA of humanized and chimeric Tau01 toTauC3: HA to HL variants.

FIG. 17. Octet screening of humanized Tau01 antibodies to TauC3: HB, HCand HF with KA-KC.

FIGS. 18A and 18B. Binding ELISA of the humanized Tau01 antibodies toTauC3: KA to KJ variants.

FIGS. 19A and 19B. Octet screening of the humanized Tau01 antibodies toTauC3: HB with KA to KJ variants.

FIGS. 20A to 20C. Binding ELISA of the second round of humanized Tau01antibodies to TauC3: HM, HN and HO variants.

FIG. 21. Octet screening of the second round of humanized Tau01antibodies to TauC3: HM, HN and HO variants.

FIG. 22. Binding ELISA of HC and HM containing humanized antibodies toTauC3.

FIG. 23. Octet screening of the second round of humanized Tau01antibodies to TauC3: HM variants.

FIGS. 24A and 24B. Octet screening of the second round of humanizedTau01 antibodies to TauC3 and FL Tau: Lead variants.

FIGS. 25A and 25B. Off-rate ranking of the lead humanized candidateswith TauC3 using Biacore.

FIGS. 26A and 26B. Binding test to FL Tau by Biacore.

FIG. 27. Thermal stability of the chimeric and humanized candidateantibodies.

FIGS. 28A to 28C. SEC-MALS aggregation analysis of purified MoTau01HuG4K and Tau01 HCKB HuG4K antibodies.

FIGS. 29A to 29D. DLS analysis of purified Tau01 HMKN, HMKO, HMKP, HMKE,and HMKM HuG4K antibodies.

FIGS. 30A to 30G. Mass spectrometry of purified chimeric and humanizedcandidate antibodies.

FIGS. 31A to 31G. Biacore kinetics of the humanized candidateantibodies.

FIG. 32. Thermal Shift Analysis of the humanized candidate antibodies.

FIG. 33. Non-specific protein-protein interactions (Cross-interactionchromatography) of the humanized candidate antibodies.

FIG. 34. Purified humanized antibody candidates assessed for solubility.

FIGS. 35A to 35D. Freeze/Thaw and heat stress analysis of the humanizedcandidate antibodies by Circular Dichroism.

FIGS. 36A to 36D. Capillary Isoelectric focusing to determine theisoeletric points of the humanized candidates.

FIGS. 37A to 37F. Serum stability assessment of the humanized candidateantibodies.

DEFINITIONS

“Antibody” as used herein is meant to include intact molecules (i.e., afull length antibody (IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE)) and fragments thereof, aswell as synthetic and biological derivatives thereof, such as forexample Fab, F(ab′₂ an F_(V) fragments-free or expressed, e.g., on thesurface of filamentous phage on pIII or pVIII or other surface proteins,or on the surface of bacteria, which are capable of binding an antigen.Fab, F(ab′₂ and F_(V) fragments lack the F_(C) fragments of intactantibody, clear more rapidly from the circulation and may have lessnon-specific tissue binding of antibody. The antibody may be amonoclonal antibody. Recombinant antibodies are encompassed by the term“antibody.” The term “antibody” encompasses chimeric and humanizedantibodies. The antibody may also be a fully human antibody (e.g., froma transgenic mice or phage).

The term “humanized antibody” as used herein refers to an antibody inwhich the complementary-determining regions (CDRs) of a mouse or othernon-human antibody are grafted onto a human antibody framework. By humanantibody framework is meant the entire human antibody excluding theCDRs.

The term “human antibody” as used herein refers to an antibody in whichthe entire sequence derived from human genetic repertoire (e.g., from atransgenic mice or phage).

The term “homologous” as used herein means that that the sequence is atleast 80% identical to the sequence it is homologous to, and thepolymeric peptide (e.g., an antibody) comprising the homologoussequence(s) has substantially same biological activity as the polymericpeptide comprising the sequence(s) it is homologous to. For example, ahumanized antibody comprising (a) a heavy chain variable regioncomprising CDR1 represented by sequence GFTFNTYA (SEQ ID NO: 7), CDR2represented by IRSKSNNYAT (SEQ ID NO: 8), and CDR3 represented by VGGGDF(SEQ ID NO: 9); and (b) a light chain variable region comprising CDR1represented by sequence QEISVY (SEQ ID NO: 10), CDR2 represented bysequence GAF (SEQ ID NO: 11), and CDR3 represented by sequence LQYVRYPWT(SEQ ID NO: 12); and an antibody in which one more of CDR sequences arereplaced by a homologous sequence(s) both have a binding affinity (KD)for TauC3 of from 1×10⁻¹⁰ and 1×10⁻¹² and a binding affinity (KD) forFLT of from 1×10⁻⁴ to 1×10⁻⁸M, or no detectable binding with FLT. Bydefinition, homologous antibodies have substantially similar threedimensional shape.

As used herein, “CDR” means “complementary determining region.” CDRs mayalso be referred to as hypervariable regions. Unless otherwisespecified, the CDR sequences disclosed herein are defined by IMGTnumbering system.

As used herein, “represented by SEQ ID NO:” with reference to the CDRsequence means that the sequence of the CDR is identical or homologousto the recited SEQ ID NO.

The term “chimeric antibody” as used herein refers to an antibody inwhich the whole of the variable regions of a mouse or rat antibody areexpressed along with human constant regions.

The term “murine anti-TauC3 antibody” as used herein refers to the“TauC3 antibody” characterized in Nicholls, S. B., S. L. DeVos, C.Commins, C. Nobuhara, R. E. Bennett, D. L. Corjuc, E. Maury, et al.2017. “Characterization of TauC3 antibody and demonstration of itspotential to block tau propagation.” PLoS ONE 12 (5): e0177914.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0177914.

As used herein, “light chain” is the small polypeptide subunit of theantibody. A typical antibody comprises two light chains and two heavychains.

As used herein, the “heavy chain” is the large polypeptide subunit ofthe antibody. The heavy chain of an antibody contains a series ofimmunoglobulin domains, with at least one variable domain and at leastone constant domain.

The term “affinity” as used herein refers to the strength with which anantibody molecule binds its epitope. The affinity is determined bysurface plasmon resonance (SPR) using Biacore kinetics.

The term “KD” as used herein refers to the equilibrium dissociationconstant (KD=Kd/Ka, wherein Kd is a dissociation rate constant, and Kais an association rate constant).

The term “immunodepletion” as used herein refers to the removal ofproteins by the use of antibodies. The term “immunodepletion” is usedinterchangeably with the term “immunoprecipitation.” The term refers tothe ability of an antibody to pull-down or immunoprecipitate (IP) theantigen of interest from a specimen (which would lead toimmunodepletion).

As used herein, the terms “therapeutically effective amount” and“effective amount” means an amount of a therapeutic agent (e.g., ananti-TauC3 antibody) or composition that leads to a measurable clinicaleffect in a subject. The effective amount of the therapeutic agent isdetermined by the circumstances surrounding the case, including thecompound administered, the route of administration, the status of thesymptoms being treated and similar subjects and administration situationconsiderations among other considerations. An “effective amount”generally comprises from about 0.0001 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg,preferably from 0.5 mg/kg to 20 mg/kg of the anti-TauC3 antibodiesdescribed herein. In certain embodiments, an amount of 1 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg,4 mg/kg, 6 mg/kg, 8 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg is used.

The term “pathological tau” encompasses TauC3, fibrils comprising TauC3,and aggregates comprising TauC3 (e.g., a heterogeneous populationcomprising full-length tau, tau oligomers and/or post-translationalmodified tau (truncated or phosphorylated). In addition to TauC3,pathological tau may comprise heterogeneous population of full-lengthtau (e.g., 2N4R), tau oligomers and/or post-translationally modified tau(truncated or hyperphosphorylated).

The term “TauC3” means C-terminally truncated tau fragment ending ataspartate 421 of htau40 (SEQ ID NO: 1).

As used herein, “FLT” is an abbreviation for full length Tau (e.g.,htau40 (SEQ ID NO: 1)).

The terms “treating” or “treatment” include attenuation, reversal, orimprovement in at least one symptom or sign of symptoms associated witha tauopathy.

The term “seeding” refers to extracellular activities that precedeintracellular aggregation of TauC3, fibrils comprising TauC3 and/oraggregates comprising TauC3 as part of a heterogeneous population offull-length tau (e.g., 2N4R), tau oligomers and/or post-translationallymodified tau (truncated or hyperphosphorylated).

The term “aggregation” refers to the activities that take placeintracellularly after TauC3 and/or fibrils comprising TauC3 and/oraggregates comprising TauC3 are taken up by the cell.

“ExpiCHO” is an abbreviation for Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO Highdensity/serum free) cells.

“A” is an abbreviation for Adenine.

“bp” is an abbreviation for base pairs.

“° C.” is an abbreviation for Centigrade.

“C” is an abbreviation for Cytosine.

“MEM” is an abbreviation for Minimal Essential Medium.

“DNA” is an abbreviation for Deoxyribonucleic acid.

“ELISA” is an abbreviation for Enzyme linked immuno-adsorbent assay.

“EC50” is an abbreviation for Concentration of antibody providinghalf-maximal response.

“EC80” is an abbreviation for Concentration of antibody providing 80% ofmaximal response.

“ECD” is an abbreviation for extracellular domain.

“g” is an abbreviation for grams.

“G” is an abbreviation for Guanine.

“HRP” is an abbreviation for Horseradish peroxidase.

“IgG” is an abbreviation for Immunoglobulin-G.

“K” is an abbreviation for G or T (IUPAC convention).

“LIC” is an abbreviation for Ligase independent cloning.

“min” is an abbreviation for minute.

“M” is an abbreviation for A or C (IUPAC convention).

“nm” is an abbreviation for nanometre.

“OD” is an abbreviation for optical density.

“PBS” is an abbreviation for Phosphate Buffered Saline.

“PCR” is an abbreviation for Polymerase chain reaction.

“R” is an abbreviation for A or G (IUPAC convention).

“RT” is an abbreviation for Room Temperature.

“s” is an abbreviation for second.

“S” is an abbreviation for C or G (IUPAC convention).

“T” is an abbreviation for Thymine.

“TBS” is an abbreviation for Tris Buffered Saline.

“UV” is an abbreviation for Ultra Violet.

“V” is an abbreviation for A or C or G (IUPAC convention).

“VCI” is an abbreviation for vernier, canonical and interface residues.

“VH” is an abbreviation for Immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region.

“VK” is an abbreviation for Immunoglobulin kappa light chain variableregion

“W” is an abbreviation for A or T (IUPAC convention).

“Y” is an abbreviation for C or T (IUPAC convention).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

TauC3 is one of many species present in the high molecular weightspecies responsible for tau aggregation and seeding activity. Inaddition to TauC3, tau aggregates may comprise a heterogeneouspopulation of full-length (normal tau), tau oligomers, and/orpost-translationally modified tau (truncated or hyperphosphorylated). Ithas been shown that other neurodegenerative diseases other than sporadicAD also have increased levels of TauC3.

TauC3 is neurotoxic and may cause microtubule dysfunction. TauC3 mayalso be responsible for spreading of Tau fibrils from one part of thebrain to another.

Anti-TauC3 Antibodies

The anti-TauC3 antibodies of the invention recognize an aggregated,extracellular form of pathological TauC3. The anti-TauC3 antibody of theinvention may be, e.g., a chimeric, humanized or a human anti-TauC3antibody.

The anti-TauC3 antibodies show a very tight binding specificity for thetarget caspase-cleaved Tau protein when tested against the recombinantTauC3 protein. In certain embodiments, the anti-TauC3 antibody blocksseeding in the biosensor assay, and is effective for blocking entry intothe neurons of the species responsible for inducing intracellular tauaggregation (i.e., effective for blocking TauC3 and TauC3 fibrils entryinto the cells).

The anti-TauC3 antibodies generally have a sub-nanomolar specificity forTauC3 and as is at least 100 times more specific for TauC3 than for fulllength Tau (2N4R) (e.g., 100-fold or more specific for TauC3 than forfull length Tau). For example, the anti-TauC3 antibodies may be from 150to 5000 times more specific for TauC3 than for full length Tau (2N4R).In certain embodiments, the anti-TauC3 antibodies are from 500 to 2500times more specific for TauC3 than for full length Tau (2N4R). Incertain embodiments, the anti-TauC3 antibodies are from 750 to 2000times more specific for TauC3 than for full length Tau (2N4R). Incertain embodiments, the anti-TauC3 antibodies are from 1000 to 1500times more specific for TauC3 than for full length Tau (2N4R). In all ofthese embodiments, the anti-TauC3 antibodies may have no detectablebinding with full length Tau (2N4R).

In certain embodiments, the antibody of the invention is a chimeric,humanized or a human anti-TauC3 antibody that has a higher bindingaffinity (KD) for TauC3 than a murine anti-TauC3 antibody. In someembodiments, chimeric, humanized and human anti-TauC3 antibodies have abinding affinity (KD) for TauC3 that is at least 2-fold higher, 3-foldhigher or 4-fold higher than the binding affinity (KD) for TauC3 of amurine anti-TauC3 antibody. In some embodiments, the murine anti-TauC3antibody has a binding affinity KD for TauC3 of about 4.9×10⁻¹¹ M, andthe chimeric, humanized and human anti-TauC3 antibody has a bindingaffinity KD for TauC3 of from about 1×10⁻¹¹M to about 2.5×10⁻¹¹ M. Thechimeric, humanized and human anti-TauC3 antibody of the invention mayhave a binding affinity KD for TauC3 of, e.g., about 1.1×10⁻¹¹ M, about1.3×10⁻¹¹ M, about 1.5×10⁻¹¹ M, about 1.7×10⁻¹¹ M, about 1.9×10⁻¹¹ about2.1×10⁻¹¹ M, or about 2.3×10⁻¹¹ M. In some embodiments, the murineanti-TauC3 antibody has a binding affinity KD for TauC3 of about3.9×10⁻¹¹ M, and the chimeric, humanized and human anti-TauC3 antibodyhas a binding affinity KD for TauC3 of from about 1×10⁻¹¹M to about2.5×10⁻¹¹ M. The chimeric, humanized and human anti-TauC3 antibody ofthe invention may have a binding affinity KD for TauC3 of, e.g., about1.1×10⁻¹¹ M, about 1.3×10⁻¹¹M, about 1.5×10⁻¹¹M, about 1.7×10⁻¹¹M, about1.9×10⁻¹¹M, about 2.1×10⁻¹¹M, or about 2.3×10⁻¹¹M.

In certain embodiments, the antibodies bind TauC3 with equilibriumconstant KD of from 1×10⁻¹⁰ M to 1×10⁻¹¹ M; and have an equilibriumconstant KD with 2N4R which is from 1×10⁻⁴M to 1×10⁻⁸M or show nodetectible binding with full length Tau (e.g., 2N4R). In the preferredembodiments, the anti-TauC3 antibodies bind TauC3 with an equilibriumconstant KD of from 1×10⁻⁹M to 1×10⁻¹²M, and bind full length (e.g.,2N4R) with an equilibrium constant KD of from 1×10⁻⁸M to 9×10⁻⁸M or showno detectable binding with 2N4R. In some of these embodiments, theantibodies have a very slow off rate from TauC3 (i.e., an off-rate (Kd)of from 1×10⁻⁴ to 1×10⁻³ s⁻¹) and substantially no affinity to 2N4R(i.e., ka of less than 100,000 l/MS).

In certain embodiments, the anti-TauC3 antibody is a chimeric orhumanized antibody that has a KD for TauC3 of from about 5 pM to about90 pM, from about 10 pM to about 90 pM, from about 10 pM to about 80 pM,from about 10 pM to about 70 pM, from about 10 pM to about 60 pM, fromabout 10 pM to about 50 pM, from about 10 to about 40 pM, or from about10 pM to about 35 pM.

In certain embodiments, the anti-TauC3 antibody is a chimeric orhumanized antibody that has a KD of from about 10 to about 90 pM and avery slow off rate from TauC3, as indicated by Kd of less than 2×10⁻³s⁻¹. In other words, the antibodies have a high degree of specificity toTauC3, the target protein that would be produced in the diseased state,and a slow off rate, both of which are ideal for an antibody to be usedin an immunization strategy.

The anti-TauC3 antibodies include but are not limited to monoclonal,chimeric, humanized, single chain, Fab fragments and a Fab expressionlibrary. The anti-TauC3 antibodies may be native or recombinant,immobilized, free in solution or displayed on the surface of variousmolecules or bacteria, viruses, or other surfaces.

In certain embodiments, the anti-TauC3 antibodies recognize sequenceSSTGSIDMVD (SEQ ID. No. 23) at the C-terminus of TauC3, but do notrecognize the same sequence when it is present internally in FLT.

Anti-TauC3 antibodies useful in accordance with the present invention(e.g. humanized antibodies) may be administered to a subject who may besusceptible to or who is suffering from a tauopathy in order to blockseeding and/or aggregation of TauC3 and therefore treat one moresymptoms of a tauopathy.

In yet another embodiment of the invention, the anti-TauC3 antibodies ofthe present invention may be conjugated to a cytoprotective agent or anagent which will facilitate and/or improve antibody's ability to crossthe blood-brain barrier (“BBB”). The cytoprotective agent may be anantioxidant (e.g., melatonin); and the agent which facilitates orimproves antibody's ability to cross the BBB is a hydrophobic substancewhich is capable of crossing the BBB, and is generally recognized assage (GRAS) by the United States Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”).The cytoprotective agent or the agent which facilitates or improvesantibody's ability to cross the BBB may be conjugated to the antibodydirectly or through a linker. The linker may be selected from the groupcomprising or consisting of a hydrazine linker, a disulfite linker, athioether linker, a peptide linker. In certain embodiments, the antibodyis has equilibrium constant KD to TauC3 that is 2-3 orders of magnitudehigher than the antibodies equilibrium constant KD to 2N4R, and thecytoprotective agent is melatonin.

Method of Use

In an aspect, the present invention provides anti-TauC3 antibodies foruse in a living human with a tauopathy or at risk of developing atauopathy. Tauopathies include, e.g., Alzheimer disease (AD),progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), frontotemporal dementia (FTD),traumatic brain injury (TBI), Pick's disease (PiD), corticobasaldegeneration (CBD), frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), etc.

Methods of Blocking Propagation of Pathological Tau Aggregation

In one aspect, the invention is directed to a method of blockingspreading of pathological tau from one neuron to another or from onepart of the brain to another.

In one aspect, the invention is directed to a method of blocking TauC3seeding activity in the brain of a subject.

In an additional aspect, the invention is directed to a method ofreducing the spread of pathological Tau aggregation in the brain of asubject.

The invention is further directed to a method of reducing the spread ofaggregates comprising TauC3 in the brain of a subject.

The invention is further directed to a method of reducing the spread offibrils comprising TauC3 in the brain of a subject.

In a further aspect the invention, the invention is directed to a methodof reducing intracellular aggregation of tau induced by intracellularuptake of TauC3 and TauC3 fibrils.

In each aspect, the method comprises administering a therapeuticallyeffective amount of anti-TauC3 antibodies to a human. The anti-TauC3antibodies are capable of uniquely recognizing an aggregated,extracellular form of pathological tau without binding physiologicaltau. In a preferred embodiment, an essential part of the epitope of theanti-TauC3 antibodies is the carboxy group forming a neoepitope at theC-terminus residue in a peptide corresponding to the last ten C-terminalresidues of TauC3 (e.g., TauC3 or SEQ ID NO: 23). The anti-TauC3antibodies have equilibrium constant KD to TauC3 that is 2-3 orders ofmagnitude higher than the antibodies equilibrium constant KD to 2N4R andone or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipient(s). The anti-TauC3antibodies bind TauC3 with equilibrium constant KD of from 1×10⁻¹⁰ M to1×10⁻¹¹ M, but have an equilibrium constant KD with full length tau(e.g, 2N4R) which is from 1×10⁻⁴ M to 1×10⁻⁸M or show no detectiblebinding with full length tau (e.g., 2N4R). In the preferred embodiments,the anti-TauC3 antibodies bind TauC3 with an equilibrium constant KD offrom 1×10⁻¹¹ M to 9×10⁻¹¹ M, and bind 2N4R with an equilibrium constantKD of from 1×10⁻⁸M to 9×10⁻⁸ M or show no detectable binding with 2N4R.The anti-TauC3 antibodies preferably have a very slow off rate fromTauC3 and substantially no affinity to 2N4R (i.e., ka of less than100,000 l/MS). The antibodies may, e.g., be selected from the humanizedantibody, a chimeric antibody or an immunological fragment of any of theforegoing. In the preferred embodiments, the antibody is an antibodyselected from the humanized anti-TauC3 antibodies described herein.

A human may or may not be having a symptom associated with tauaggregation prior to administration of a therapeutically effectiveamount of the anti-TauC3 antibodies. In other words, a human may or maynot be experiencing a symptom associated with tau seeding and/oraggregation. One of the ordinary skill in the art will appreciate thatpathological tau seeding and aggregation likely commences prior todiagnosis or the onset of symptoms associated with tau aggregation. Insome embodiments, a human is having a symptom associated with tauseeding and/or aggregation. In other embodiments, a human is not havinga symptom associated with tau seeding and/or aggregation. In still otherembodiments, a human has detectable tau pathology but is not having anyother symptom associated with tau symptoms and/or aggregation. Reducingthe spread of tau aggregation in the brain of a human by administeringthe therapeutic agents and pharmaceutical compositions according to theinvention may reduce the development and/or progression of symptomsassociated with the pathological seeding and/or aggregation of tau.

Preventing, inhibiting or slowing down spreading of pathological tauaggregation may therefore be used in the treatment of pathologiesassociated with generation and spread of tau aggregates. One definitionof symptoms associated with tau seeding and/or aggregation refers to anysymptom caused by the formation of tau aggregates being composed of, inpart, tau fibrils. Exemplary disorders that have symptoms associatedwith tau aggregation include, but are not limited to, progressivesupranuclear palsy, dementia pugilistica (chronic traumaticencephalopathy), frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked tochromosome 17, Lytico-Bodig disease (Parkinson-dementia complex ofGuam), tangle-predominant dementia, ganglioglioma and gangliocytoma,meningioangiomatosis, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, leadencephalopathy, tuberous sclerosis, Hallervorden-Spatz disease,lipofuscinosis, Pick's disease, corticobasal degeneration, argyrophilicgrain disease (AGD), Frontotemporal lobar degeneration, Alzheimer'sDisease, and frontotemporal dementia. Methods for diagnosing thesedisorders are known in the art.

Exemplary symptoms associated with tau seeding or aggregation mayinclude, e.g., impaired cognitive function, altered behavior, emotionaldysregulation, seizures, and impaired nervous system structure orfunction. Impaired cognitive function includes but is not limited todifficulties with memory, attention, concentration, language, abstractthought, creativity, executive function, planning, and organization.Altered behavior includes but is not limited to physical or verbalaggression, impulsivity, decreased inhibition, apathy, decreasedinitiation, changes in personality, abuse of alcohol, tobacco or drugs,and other addiction-related behaviors. Emotional dysregulation includesbut is not limited to depression, anxiety, mania, irritability, andemotional incontinence. Seizures include but are not limited togeneralized tonic-clonic seizures, complex partial seizures, andnon-epileptic, psychogenic seizures. Impaired nervous system structureor function includes but is not limited to hydrocephalus, Parkinsonism,sleep disorders, psychosis, impairment of balance and coordination. Thisincludes motor impairments such as monoparesis, hemiparesis,tetraparesis, ataxia, ballismus and tremor. This also includes sensoryloss or dysfunction including olfactory, tactile, gustatory, visual andauditory sensation. Furthermore, this includes autonomic nervous systemimpairments such as bowel and bladder dysfunction, sexual dysfunction,blood pressure and temperature dysregulation. Finally, this includeshormonal impairments attributable to dysfunction of the hypothalamus andpituitary gland such as deficiencies and dysregulation of growthhormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, lutenizing hormone, folliclestimulating hormone, gonadotropin releasing hormone, prolactin, andnumerous other hormones and modulators. Methods for detecting andevaluating symptoms associated with tau aggregation are known in theart.

In some embodiments, a symptom associated with tau aggregation refers todementia. Dementia is not itself a specific disease, but is an overallterm that describes a wide range of symptoms associated with a declinein memory or other thinking skills severe enough to reduce a person'sability to perform everyday activities. Dementia is also a sharedclinical feature of many diseases associated with tau aggregation. Askilled practitioner will be familiar with the numerous methodsavailable to diagnose the severity of dementia. For example, severalcognitive tests and screening questionnaires for dementia are known inthe art, all with varying degrees of sensitivity and specificity.Non-limiting examples include the mini mental state examination (MMSE),the abbreviated mental test may score (AMTS), the modified mini mentalstate exam (3MS), the cognitive abilities screening instrument (CASI),the Trail-making test, the clock drawing test, the InformantQuestionnaire on cognitive decline in the elderly, the Generalpractitioner assessment of cognition, the Clinical Dementia Rating(CDR), Eight-item informant interview to differentiate aging anddementia (AD8).

In some embodiments, the severity of the symptoms of dementia arequantified using the Clinical Dementia Rating. Using the ClinicalDementia Rating, a score of 0 indicates no symptoms, a score of 0.5indicates very mild symptoms, a score of 1 indicates mild symptoms, ascore of 2 indicates moderate symptoms and a score of 3 indicates severesymptoms. Thus, any increase in a Clinical Dementia Rating score for ahuman indicates a worsening in cognition and an increase in dementia.Moreover, change in Clinical Dementia Rating from 0 to greater than 0,indicates the development or onset of dementia.

In some embodiments, a symptom associated with tau seeding oraggregation refers to tau pathology or a tauopathy. The term “taupathology” or “tauopathy” refers to the pathological seeding oraggregation of tau. In some embodiments, tau pathology refers toneurofibrially tangles. In other embodiments, tau pathology refers tohyperphosphorylated tau. In still other embodiments, tau pathologyrefers to a high level of tau aggregates detectable in blood, plasma,serum, CSF, or ISF, anywhere from 2 to approximately 40-fold higher thanthat detected in individuals without disease.

Administration

Administration of the anti-TauC3 antibodies described herein can be usedas a therapy to treat or immunize from tauopathies.

The antibodies in a therapeutically effective amount preferred inpharmaceutical grade, including immunologically reactive fragments, maybe administered to a human. Administration is performed using standardeffective techniques, include peripherally (i.e. not by administrationinto the central nervous system) or locally to the central nervoussystem. Peripheral administration includes but is not limited tointravenous, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, pulmonary, transdermal,intramuscular, intranasal, buccal, sublingual, or suppositoryadministration. Local administration, including directly into thecentral nervous system (CNS) includes, but is not limited to, via alumbar, intraventricular or intraparenchymal catheter or using asurgically implanted controlled release formulation.

Humans amenable to treatment include individuals at risk of disease butnot showing symptoms, as well as subjects presently showing symptoms. Inthe case of Alzheimer's disease, virtually anyone is at risk ofsuffering from Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, the present methods canbe administered prophylactically to the general population without theneed for any assessment of the risk of the subject. Such prophylacticadministration can begin at, e.g., age 50 or greater. The presentmethods are especially useful for individuals who do have a knowngenetic risk of a tauopathy (e.g., Alzheimer's disease). Suchindividuals include those having relatives who have experienced thisdisease and those whose risk is determined by analysis of genetic orbiochemical markers. For example, genetic markers of risk towardAlzheimer's disease include mutations in the APP gene, particularlymutations, at position 717 and positions 670 and 671 referred to as theHardy and Swedish mutations respectively. Other markers of risk aremutations in the presenilin genes, PS1 and PS2, and ApoE4, familyhistory of AD, hypercholesterolemia or atherosclerosis. Individualspresently suffering from Alzheimer's disease can be recognized fromcharacteristic dementia by the presence of risk factors described above.In addition, a number of diagnostic tests are available for identifyingindividuals who have AD. These include imaging, and/or measurement ofCSF tau and Aβ42 levels. Elevated tau and decreased Aβ42 levels signifythe presence of AD. Individuals suffering from Alzheimer's disease canalso be diagnosed by Alzheimer's disease and Related DisordersAssociation criteria.

In asymptomatic subjects, treatment can begin at any age (e.g., 10, 20,30, 40, 50, or 60). Usually, however, it is not necessary to begintreatment until a subject reaches 40, 50, 60, 70, 75 or 80. Treatmenttypically entails multiple dosages over a period of time. Treatment canbe monitored by assaying antibody, or activated T-cell or B-cellresponses to the therapeutic agent over time. If the response falls, abooster dosage is indicated. In the case of potential Down's syndromesubjects, treatment can begin antenatally by administering therapeuticagent to the mother or shortly after birth.

In prophylactic applications, pharmaceutical compositions or medicamentsare administered to a subject susceptible to, or otherwise at risk of atauopathy in an amount sufficient to eliminate or reduce the risk,lessen the severity, or delay the outset of the disease, includingbiochemical, histologic and/or behavioral symptoms of the disease, itscomplications and intermediate pathological phenotypes presented duringdevelopment of the disease. In therapeutic applications, compositions ormedicaments are administered to a subject suspected of, or alreadysuffering from, such a disease in an amount sufficient to cure, or atleast partially arrest, the symptoms of the disease biochemical,histologic and/or behavioral), including its complications andintermediate pathological phenotypes in development of the disease. Insome methods, administration of agent reduces or eliminates mildcognitive impairment. An amount adequate to accomplish therapeutic orprophylactic treatment is defined as a therapeutically- orprophylactically-effective dose or amount. In both prophylactic andtherapeutic regimes, agents are usually administered in several dosagesuntil a sufficient immune response has been achieved. Typically, theimmune response is monitored and repeated dosages are given if theimmune response starts to wane.

Effective doses of the compositions of the present invention, for thetreatment of the above described conditions vary depending upon manydifferent factors, including means of administration, target site,physiological state of the subject, other medications administered, andwhether treatment is prophylactic or therapeutic. Treatment dosages needbe tested on a case by case basis in clinical trials and often titratedto optimize safety and efficacy. An additional advantage of theanti-TauC3 antibodies of the present invention in certain embodimentsmay be that, for equal mass dosages, dosages of the anti-TauC3 of thepresent invention contain a higher molar dosage of the antibodieseffective in clearing and/or “inactivating,” than a compositioncomprising antibodies that are less specific for TauC3 than theanti-TauC3 antibodies according to the present invention. Typically,anti-TauC3 antibodies of the present invention would be administered byintravenous infusion or sub cutaneous injection. The amount of theanti-TauC3 antibodies for administration by intravenous infusion mayvary from 0.5 to 10 mg per subject. Subcutaneous injections generallyrequire higher doses to reach the brain in sufficient quantity. Theantibodies (i.g., whole IgG molecules) may be administered once a month.

In some methods, two or more antibodies (e.g., recombinant, monoclonal,chimeric and/or humanized) with the same or different bindingspecificities are administered simultaneously, in which case the dosageof each antibody administered falls within the ranges indicated. In suchcircumstances, the two or more antibodies may both be directed at, e.g.,truncated tau. Alternatively, one or more of the antibodies may bedirected at, e.g., truncated tau, and one or more additional antibodiesmay be directed at amyloid-β (Aß) peptides associated with Alzheimer'sdisease. Antibodies are usually administered on multiple occasions.Intervals between single dosages can be hourly, daily, weekly, monthly,or yearly. In some methods, dosage is adjusted to achieve a plasmaantibody concentration of 1-1000 μg/ml and in some methods 25-300 μg ml.Alternatively, antibody can be administered as a sustained releaseformulation, in which case less frequent administration is required.

Dosage and frequency vary depending on the half-life of the antibody inthe subject. In general, human antibodies show the longest half-life,followed by humanized antibodies, chimeric antibodies, and nonhumanantibodies. The dosage and frequency of administration can varydepending on whether the treatment is prophylactic or therapeutic. Inprophylactic applications, a relatively low dosage is administered atrelatively infrequent intervals over a long period of time. Somesubjects continue to receive treatment for the rest of their lives. Intherapeutic applications, a relatively high dosage at relatively shortintervals is sometimes required until progression of the disease isreduced or terminated, and preferably until the subject shows partial orcomplete amelioration of symptoms of disease. Thereafter, the patent canbe administered a prophylactic regime.

The dose of the anti-TauC3 antibodies to block TauC3 seeding is notnecessarily the same as the dose of the anti-TauC3 antibodies to inhibitTauC3 aggregation. In view of the information provided in the presentspecification, the specific doses can be determined by routineexperimentation.

The efficacy of the administration/treatment may be accessed bymeasuring levels of pathogenic tau or phospho tau in plasma and/or CSF.Based on this assessment, the dose and/or frequency of administrationmay be adjusted accordingly.

In certain embodiments, effect on cognition may also be accessed.

The efficacy may also be accessed by a degree of brain atrophy, asdetermined by MM.

The safety of the administration/treatment may be accessed by number ofparticipants experiencing adverse events (AEs), serious AEs, andabnormalities in clinical laboratory tests, vital signs, ECGs, MRI, andphysical and neurological exams as well as worsening of cognition. Basedon this assessment, the dose and/or frequency of administration may beadjusted accordingly.

The anti-TauC3 antibodies and immunogens may be administeredintranasally, by a subcutaneous injection, intramuscular injection, IVinfusion, transcutaneously, buccally, etc., or as described in moredetail below.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

Pharmaceutical compositions in accordance with the invention comprisethe anti-TauC3 antibodies described herein, or fragments thereof, andone or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. The anti-TauC3antibodies bind TauC3 with equilibrium constant KD of from 1×10⁻¹⁰ M to1×10⁻¹¹ M, but have an equilibrium constant KD with full length tau(e.g, 2N4R) which is from 1×10⁻⁴M to 1×10⁻⁸ M or show no detectiblebinding with full length tau (e.g., 2N4R). In the preferred embodiments,the anti-TauC3 antibodies bind TauC3 with an equilibrium constant KD offrom 1×10⁻¹¹ M to 9×10⁻¹¹ M, and bind 2N4R with an equilibrium constantKD of from 1×10⁻⁸M to 9×10⁻⁸M or show no detectable binding with 4RTau.The anti-TauC3 antibodies preferably have a very slow off rate fromTauC3 (i.e., an off-rate from 1×10⁻⁴ to 1×10⁻³ s⁻¹) and substantially noaffinity to 4RTau (i.e., ka of less than 100,000 l/MS). The antibodiesmay, e.g., be humanized, chimeric or human (e.g., from tg mice)antibodies.

The pharmaceutical compositions are designed to be appropriate for theselected mode of administration, and pharmaceutically acceptableexcipients such as compatible dispersing agents, buffers, surfactants,preservatives, solubilizing agents, isotonicity agents, stabilizingagents and the like are used as appropriate.

Effective peripheral systemic delivery by intravenous or subcutaneousinjection is a preferred method of administration to a living subject.Suitable vehicles for such injections are straightforward.

The concentration of humanized antibody in formulations to beadministered is an effective amount and ranges from as low as about 0.1%by weight to as much as about 95 or about 99.9% by weight and will beselected primarily based on fluid volumes, viscosities, and so forth, inaccordance with the particular mode of administration selected ifdesired. In certain embodiments, the antibodies may comprise from about15 or about 20% by weight of the composition.

A composition for injection to a subject could be made up to containfrom 1-250 ml sterile buffered water of phosphate buffered saline andabout 1-5000 mg of any one of or a combination of the anti-TauC3antibodies of the present invention. The formulation could be sterilefiltered after making the formulation, or otherwise mademicrobiologically acceptable. A typical composition for intravenousinfusion could have volumes between 1-250 ml of fluid, such as sterileRinger's solution, and 1-100 mg per ml, or more in anti-tau antibodyconcentration. Therapeutic agents of the discovery can be frozen orlyophilized for storage and reconstituted in a suitable sterile carrierprior to use. Lyophilization and reconstitution may lead to varyingdegrees of antibody activity loss (e.g. with conventional immuneglobulins, IgM antibodies tend to have greater activity loss than IgGantibodies).

Dosages administered are effective amounts for the purposes indicatedand may have to be adjusted to compensate. The pH of the formulationsthat are generally of pharmaceutical grade quality will be selected tobalance antibody stability (chemical and physical) and comfort to thesubject when administered. Generally, a pH between 4 and 8 is tolerated.Doses will vary from individual to individual based on size, weight, andother physiobiological characteristics of the individual receiving thesuccessful administration.

In an aspect, a typical dose contains from about 0.1 mg to about 10 mganti-TauC3 antibodies described herein. In certain embodiments, thetypical dose contains from about 0.5 mg to about 10 mg of the anti-TauC3antibodies. Doses can range from about 0.55 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg. Thefrequency of dosing with whole IgG antibodies is usually per monthwhereas antibody fragments need to be dosed more often in view of theirshorter half-life, as needed as to effectively treat the symptoms.

The timing of administration of the treatment relative to the diseaseitself and duration of treatment will be determined by the circumstancessurrounding the case. Treatment could begin after diagnosis of a diseaseassociated with tau aggregation. Alternatively, treatment could beginafter clinical confirmation of a symptom associated with tauaggregation. Further still, treatment could begin after detection of taupathology. Treatment could begin immediately in a hospital or clinic, orat a later time after discharge from the hospital or after being seen inan outpatient clinic. Duration of treatment could range from a singledose administered on a one-time basis to a life-long course oftherapeutic treatments.

Although the foregoing methods appear the most convenient and mostappropriate and effective for administration of proteins such ashumanized antibodies, by suitable adaptation, other effective techniquesfor administration, such as intraventricular administration, transdermaladministration and oral administration may be employed provided properformulation is utilized herein.

Typical effective amounts or doses can be determined and optimized usingstandard clinical techniques and will be dependent on the mode ofadministration in view of the information provided herein and knowledgeavailable in the art.

Example 1 (Sequence Determination of Mouse MoTau01 Antibody) SequenceDetermination of the MoTau01 Antibody

RNA preparation from hybridoma cells.

Frozen pellets of mouse hybridoma cells (MoTau01), which were stored at−80° C., were supplied by Genscript on behalf of Tau-Biologic andprocessed using the Qiagen RNeasy Kit to isolate RNA following themanufacturer's protocol.

1^(st) Strand cDNA Synthesis

MoTau01 RNA (˜21 μg) was reverse-transcribed to produce cDNA using theGE Life Sciences 1st strand cDNA synthesis kit following themanufacturer's protocol and purified as described in Example 5. This wasrepeated twice to generate 3 independent cDNA products (rounds 1, 2 and3) in order to detect and avoid cDNA mutations induced by the ReverseTranscriptase.

cDNA Sequence Determination

The MoTau01 cDNA was amplified by PCR as described in Example 5.Immunoglobulin cDNA was PCR-amplified with kappa light chain primersplus MKC (Table 1) or heavy chain primers (1-12 and 14) plus MHC mix(Table 2) using the Phusion Flash High-Fidelity PCR Master Mix. TheMoTau01 VH PCR primer sets failed to produce any products.

Therefore, additional primers were designed based on the known sequencein the leader and terminal regions, in order to facilitate cloning theVH domain from the hybridoma cells. The additional primer sequences areincluded in the primer table as MHV13 and in the ‘additional primers’section (Table 2).

TABLE 1 PCR primers for amplifying mouse VK Name Sequence (5′ → 3′) MKV1TGTAAAACGACGGCCAGTATGAAGTTGCCTGTTAGGCTGTTGGT GCTG (SEQ ID NO: 20) MKV2TGTAAAACGACGGCCAGTATGGAGWCAGACACACTCCTGYTATG GGTG (SEQ ID NO: 21) MKV3TGTAAAACGACGGCCAGTATGAGTGTGCTCACTCAGGTCCTGGS GTTG (SEQ ID NO: 22) MKV4TGTAAAACGACGGCCAGTATGAGGRCCCCTGCTCAGWTTYTTGG MWTCTTG (SEQ ID NO: 23)MKV5 TGTAAAACGACGGCCAGTATGGATTTWAGGTGCAGATTWTCAGC TTC (SEQ ID NO: 24)MKV6 TGTAAAACGACGGCCAGTATGAGGTKCKKTGKTSAGSTSCTGRG G (SEQ ID NO: 25) MKV7TGTAAAACGACGGCCAGTATIATGGGCWTCAAGATGGAGTCACA KWYYCWGG (SEQ ID NO: 26)MKV8 TGTAAAACGACGGCCAGTATGTGGGGAYCTKTTTYCMMTTTTTC AATTG (SEQ ID NO: 27)MKV9 TGTAAAACGACGGCCAGTATGGTRTCCWCASCTCAGTTCCTTG (SEQ ID NO: 28) MKV10TGTAAAACGACGGCCAGTATGTATATATGTTTGTTGTCTATTTC T (SEQ ID NO: 29) MKV1TGTAAAACGACGGCCAGTATGGAAGCCCCAGCTCAGCTTCTCTT CC (SEQ ID NO: 30) CL12ATGTAAAACGACGGCCAGTATGRAGTYWCAGACCCAGGTCTTYRT (SEQ ID NO: 31) CL12BTGTAAAACGACGGCCAGTATGGAGACACATTCTCAGGTCTTTGT (SEQ ID NO: 32) CL13TGTAAAACGACGGCCAGTATGGATTCACAGGCCCAGGTTCTTAT (SEQ ID NO: 33) CL14TGTAAAACGACGGCCAGTATGATGAGTCCTGCCCAGTTCCTGTT (SEQ ID NO: 34) CL15TGTAAAACGACGGCCAGTATGAATTTGCCTGTTCATCTCTTGGT GCT (SEQ ID NO: 35) CL16TGTAAAACGACGGCCAGTATGGATTTTCAATTGGTCCTCATCTC CTT (SEQ ID NO: 36) CL17ATGTAAAACGACGGCCAGTATGAGGTGCCTARCTSAGTTCCTGRG (SEQ ID NO: 37) CL17BTGTAAAACGACGGCCAGTATGAAGTACTCTGCTCAGTTTCTAGG (SEQ ID NO: 38) CL17CTGTAAAACGACGGCCAGTATGAGGCATTCTCTTCAATTCTTGGG (SEQ ID NO: 39) MKCCAGGAAACAGCTATGACCACTGGATGGTGGGAAGATGG (SEQ ID NO: 40) Ambiguity codes:W = A or T; Y = C or T; K = G or T

MKV indicates primer that hybridizes to leader sequences of the mousekappa light chain variable region genes; MKC indicates the primer thathybridizes to the mouse kappa constant region gene. Bold underlinedsection indicates the M13 Forward or the M13 Reverse Sequencing Primer.Wobble bases are defined in the Definitions section.

TABLE 2 PCR primers for amplifying mouse VH Name Sequence (5′ → 3′) MHV1TGTAAAACGACGGCCCAGTATGAAATGCAGCTGGGGCATSTTCTTC (SEQ ID NO: 41) MHV2TGTAAAACGACGGCCCAGTATGGGATGGAGCTRTATCATSYTCTT (SEQ ID NO: 42) MHV3TGTAAAACGACGGCCCAGTATGAAGWTGTGGTTAAACTGGGTTTTT (SEQ ID NO: 43) MHV4TGTAAAACGACGGCCCAGTATGRACTTTGGGYTCAGCTTGRTTT (SEQ ID NO: 44) MHV5ITGTAAAACGACGGCCCAGTATGGACTCCAGGCTCAATTTAGTTTTCCTT  (SEQ ID NO: 45) MHV6TGTAAAACGACGGCCCAGTATGGCTGTCYTRGSGCTRCTCTTCTGC (SEQ ID NO: 46) MHV7TGTAAAACGACGGCCCAGTATGGRATGGAGCKGGRTCTTTMTCTT (SEQ ID NO: 47) MHV8TGTAAAACGACGGCCCAGTATGAGAGTGCTGATTCTTTTGTG (SEQ ID NO: 48) MHV9TGTAAAACGACGGCCCAGTATGGMTTGGGTGTGGAMCTTGCTATTCCTG (SEQ ID NO: 49) MHV10TGTAAAACGACGGCCCAGTATGGGCAGACTTACATTCTCATTCCTG (SEQ ID NO: 50) MHV11TGTAAAACGACGGCCCAGTATGGATTTTGGGCTGATTTTTTTTATTG (SEQ ID NO: 51) MHV12TGTAAAACGACGGCCCAGTATGATGGTGTTAAGTCTTCTGTACCTG (SEQ ID NO: 52) MHV13TGTAAAACGACGGCCCAGTATGACATTGAACATGCTGTTGGGGC (SEQ ID NO: 140) MHV14TGTAAAACGACGGCCCAGTATGAACAGGCTTACTTCCTCATTGCTGCTGC (SEQ ID NO: 53) MHCG1CAGGAAACASCTATGACCCAGTGGATAGACAGATGGGGG (SEQ ID NO: 54) MHCG2aCAGGAAACASCTATGACCCAGTGGATAGACCGATGGGGC (SEQ ID NO: 55) MhCG2bCAGGAAACASCTATGACCCAGTGGATAGACTGATGGGGG (SEQ ID NO: 56) MHCG3CAGGAAACASCTATGACCCAAGGGATAGACAGATGGGGC (SEQ ID NO: 57)Additional Primers M13T100VHForTGTAAAACGACGGCCCAGTGAGGTGCAGGTTGTTGAGTCTGG (SEQ ID NO: 58) M13T100VHRevTGTAAAACGACGGCCCAGTGAGGTGCAGGTTGTTGAGTCTGG (SEQ ID NO: 139) Ambiguitycodes: R = A or G; K = G or T; M = A or C.

MHV indicates primers that hybridize to the leader sequences of mouseheavy chain variable region genes. MHCG indicates primers that hybridizeto the mouse constant region genes. Bold underlined section indicatesthe M13 Forward or the M13 Reverse Sequencing Primer. Primer MHC mixconsists of an equimolar mix of primers MHCG1, MHCG2a, MHCG2b and MHCG3.‘Wobble’ bases are defined in the Definitions section.

The result of each PCR reaction was a single amplification product thatwas purified using the QIAquick PCR purification kit and sequenced (byEurofins/GATC Genomics) in both directions using the M13-Forward andM13-Reverse primers (Table 3) to obtain three independent sets ofsequence information for each immunoglobulin chain.

TABLE 3  General PCR and Sequencing primers Name Sequence (5′ → 3′)HCMVi  TGTTCCTTTCCATGGGTCTT (SEQ ID NO: 59) promotor HuG4_LIC_RevCTCTCGGAGGTGCTCCTGGAG (SEQ ID NO: 60) HuK_LIC_RevGCAGTTCCAGATTTCAACTG (SEQ ID NO: 61) M13-ForwardTGTAAAACGACGGCCAGT (SEQ ID NO: 62) M13-ReverseCAGGAAACAGCTATGACC (SEQ ID NO: 63)

VK and VH MoTau01 DNA Sequence

The consensus DNA sequence of the MoTau01 VK PCR product and the MoTau01VH PCR product are shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 respectively. The variableregion DNA sequences obtained were identical to the sequences determinedby Genscript. Germ Line Analysis of the MoTau01 sequences show that theKappa Light Chain is a Murine VK1 IGKV9-124*01 and the Heavy Chain is aMurine VH1 IGHV10-1*02.

Example 2 (Generation of a Chimeric MoTau01 Antibody) Construction ofthe Chimeric MoTau01 Expression Vectors

The genes for MoTau01 VH and VK were synthesized by GenScript. Usingsoftware algorithms proprietary to GenScript, the sequences for MoTau01VH and VK were optimized by silent mutagenesis to use codonspreferentially utilized by human cells and synthesized.

Construction of chimeric expression vectors entails cloning thesynthesized variable regions into IgG/kappa vectors (pHuK andpHuG4—FIGS. 3 and 4 respectively), using ligase-independent cloning(LIC). The vectors (pCMV modified) are digested with BfuA1 (BspM1) andthen compatible overhangs are generated with T4 DNA polymerase 3′-5′exonuclease activity (+dATP).

The antibody sequences (FIGS. 5 and 6) are generated by firstlyamplifying the synthesized variable regions by PCR with primerscontaining the 3′ end of the leader sequence (most of the sequence ispresent in the vector)—forward primer—or the beginning of the constantregion (IgG4 or kappa)—reverse primer—, followed by the beginning of thevariable region (in each direction), Table 4.

TABLE 4 Cloning and mutagenesis primers Name Sequence (5′ → 3′) MoTau01CTCTGGCTCCCTGATACCACCGGAGAGGTGCAGGTGGTGGAGAGC VH LIC  (SEQ ID NO: 64)For MoTau01 CTCTGGCTCCCTGATACCACCGGAGATATCCAGATGACACAGTCT (SEQ VK LICID NO: 65) For MoTau01GGGCCCTTGGTGGAGGCGGAGCTCACTGTCAGGGCGGT (SEQ ID NO: VH LIC 66) HuG4 RevMoTau01 CGCTTGGTGCTGCCACAGTTCTCTTGATCTCCAGCTTTGTGCCG (SEQ ID VK LICNO: 67) Huk Rev Tau01 CTCTGGCTCCCTGATACCACCGGACTGGTGCAGCTGGTGGAAAGCGHA/HC (SEQ ID NO: 68) LIC For Tau01CTCTGGCTCCCTGATACCACCGGAGAGGTGCAGGTGGTGGAAAGCG HB LIC (SEQ ID NO: 69)For Tau01 GGGCCCTTGGTGGAGGCGGAGCTCACTGTCACCAGGGTG (SEQ ID NO: HA- 70)HC_HuG 4 Rev Tau01 ctgatacCACCGGAGAGGTGCAGCTGGTG (SEQ ID NO: 71) HD c.mutation L-E For Tau01 CCCAGCTGCACCTCTCCGGTGgtatcagg (SEQ ID NO: 72)HD A. mutation L-E Rev Tau01 CGGACTGGTGCAGGTGGTGGAAAGCGG (SEQ ID NO: 73)HE mutation L-V For Tau01 CCGCTTTCCACCACCTGCACCAGTCCG (SEQ ID NO: 74) REmutation L-V Rev Tau01TTTAACACATATGCAATGAACTGGGTGCGGCAGG (SEQ ID NO: 75) HF mutation H-N ForTau01 CCTGCCGCACCCAGTTCATTGCATATGTGTTAAA (SEQ ID NO: 76) HF mutationH-N Rev Tau01 TCGGAGTGGGTGGCCCGGATCAGATCT (SEQ ID NO: 77) HG mutationG-A For Tau01 AGATCTGATCCGGGCCACCCACTCCAG (SEQ ID NO: 78) HG mutationG-A Rev Tau01 CTAAGAGCAACAATTATGCAACATATTATGCAGCATCTGTGAAGGGCA HHG (SEQ ID NO: 79) mutation A-Y For Tau01CTGCCCTTCACAGATGCTGCATAATATGTTGCATAATTGTTGCTCTTAG HH (SEQ ID NO: 80)mutation A-Y Rev Tau01 HI TATGCAACAGCATATGCAGATTCTGTGAAGGGCAGGTTCAmutation (SEQ ID NO: 81) A-D For Tau01 HITGAACCTGCCCTTCACAGAATCTGCATATGCTGTTGCATA (SEQ ID NO: mutation 82)A-D Rev Tau01 HJ CCGCGACGATTCTAAGAGTACAGCCTATCTGCAGA (SEQ ID NO: 83)mutation N-S For Tau01 HJTCTGCAGATAGGCTGTACTCTTAGAATCGTCGCGG (SEQ ID NO: 84) mutation N-S RevTau01 TCTCCCGCGACGATTCTAAGAATATGGCCTATCTGCAGAT HK (SEQ ID NO: 85)mutation T-M For Tau01 ATCTGCAGATAGGCCATATTCTTAGAATCGTCGCGGGAGA HK(SEQ ID NO: 86) mutation T-M Rev Tau01GACGATTCTAAGAATACAGTCTATCTGCAGATGGACTCC (SEQ ID NO: HL 87) mutationA-V For Tau01 GGAGTCCATCTGCAGATAGACTGTATTCTTAGAATCGTC (SEQ ID NO: HL 88)mutation A-V Rev Tau01 CTCTGGCTCCCTGATACCACCGGAGACATCCAGATGACCCAGTCTCKA/KC (SEQ ID NO: 89) LIC For Tau01CTCTGGCTCCCTGATACCACCGGAGACATCCAGATGACACAGTCTC KB LIC (SEQ ID NO: 90)For Tau01 CGCTTGGTGCTGCCACAGTTCTCTTGATCTCCACCTTTGTGCCG (SEQ KA-KCID NO: 91) LIC Huk Rev Tau01GATCTCCGTGTACCTGAGCTGGTATCAGCAGAA (SEQ ID NO: 141) KD mutation G-S ForTau01 TTCTGCTGATACCAGCTCAGGTACACGGAGATC (SEQ ID NO: 92) KD mutationG-S Rev Tau01 TGTACCTGGGCTGGTTTCAGCAGAAGCCC (SEQ ID NO: 93) KE mutationY-F For Tau01 GGGCTTCTGCTGAAACCAGCCCAGGTACA (SEQ ID NO: 94) KE mutationY-F Rev Tau01 GAAGCCCGGCAAGGCCATTAAGCGGCTGATCTAC (SEQ ID NO: 95) KFmutation P-I For Tau01GTAGATCAGCCGCTTAATGGCCTTGCCGGGCTTC (SEQ ID NO: 96) KF mutation P-I RevTau01 ATCTACGGCGCCTTCACGCTGCAGTCCG (SEQ ID NO: 97) KG mutation K-T ForTau01 CGGACTGCAGCGTGAAGGCGCCGTAGAT KG (SEQ ID NO: 98) mutation K-T RevTau01 GGATCCAGATCTGGCAGCGAGTTTACCCTGA (SEQ ID NO: 99) KH mutationT-S For Tau01 TCAGGGTAAACTCGCTGCCAGATCTGGATCC (SEQ ID NO: 100) KHmutation T-S Rev Tau01 KICAGATCTGGCACCGAGTATACCCTGACAATCTCTA (SEQ ID NO: 101) mutation  F-Y ForTau01 KI TAGAGATTGTCAGGGTATACTCGGTGCCAGATCTG (SEQ ID NO: 102) mutation F-Y Rev Tau01 KJ CTACGGCGCCTTCAGCCTGCAGTCCGGAGT (SEQ ID NO: 103)mutation  K-S For Tau01 KJACTCCGGACTGCAGGCTGAAGGCGCCGTAG (SEQ ID NO: 104) mutation K-S Rev

The complementary overhangs were generated in the PCR products by T4 DNApolymerase+dTTP treatment (the protocol is provided in Example 5).Vector and inserts were incubated at RT, transformed intochemically-competent TOP10 bacteria and plated on Kanamycin plates.Several clones were isolated and colonies screened by PCR using primersHCMVi promotor forward and HuG4 LIC Rev for VH or HuK LIC Rev for VK(Table 3).

The clones generating the correct sized PCR products were selected,miniprepped using the QIAGEN kit and sequenced using the same primers.

Generation of the Chimeric Antibodies

ExpiCHO suspension cells growing in ExpiCHO transfection medium andantibiotics were co-transfected with MoTau01_VH.pHuG4 andMoTau01_VK.pHuK (1 μg DNA each) using ExpiFectamine CHO Reagent. Thecells were grown in 1 mL growth medium for 7 days. Up to 160 μg/mL(Table 14 A) of MoTau01 HuG4k antibody was measured in the conditionedmedium by Octet quantitation.

TauC3 Binding Activity of Chimeric Antibodies

The TauC3 and FL Tau antigens were generated and purified by Genscriptand supplied at a concentration of 2.54 mg/ml or 0.24 mg/mlrespectively. Binding of the chimeric antibody to TauC3 and FL Tau wasassayed by binding ELISA. The chimeric antibody was able to bind toTauC3 with an EC50 of 0.7 nM (FIG. 7A) but no binding could be observedto FL Tau (FIG. 7B). No non-specific binding to either antigen could beobserved with an isotype confirming the binding observed is specific.Binding of the mouse and chimeric Tau01 antibodies to purified TauC3,was measured using Bio-Layer Interferometry (OctetRed96, ForteBioSection 8.12). The mouse and chimeric antibodies were assayed against aconcentration series from 20 nM-0.31 nM TauC3 (FIGS. 8A and B). Both themouse and chimeric antibodies were capable of binding to TauC3 in aconcentration-dependent manner. The binding of the mouse and chimericantibodies was also tested against FL Tau but low signals or no bindingwas observed (FIGS. 8C and D) confirming the binding of the antibodiesis specific to TauC3.

Example 3 Design of Tau01 Humanized Antibody Variants Human VH and VKcDNA Databases

The protein sequences of human and mouse immunoglobulins from theInternational Immunogenetics Database 2009 (Lefranc, 2015) and the KabatDatabase Release 5 of Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest(last update 17 Nov. 1999)(Kabat et al. 1991) were used to compile adatabase of aligned human immunoglobulin sequences. The databasecontains 10,406 VH and 2,894 VK sequences.

Molecular Model of MoTau01

The MoTau01 VH and VK sequences were used to design the humanizedversion of MoTau01 antibody. A homology model of MoTau01 antibodyvariable regions has been generated using the antibody prediction panelin Maestro 11.5. The chosen human framework was used to generate 10 loopmodels, which were prepared using the one-step protein preparationwizard. Protein reliability reports were generated for all 10 models andno major differences could be identified in model quality. All 10 modelswere used to determine a consensus of residues which were within 4 Å ofthe CDR loops, in order to capture different orientations of the CDRs.

Human Framework Selection

Humanization requires the identification of suitable human V regions.The sequence analysis program, Gibbs, was used to interrogate the humanVH and VK databases with MoTau01 VH and VK protein sequences usingvarious selection criteria. Using the Maestro 11.5 (Schrödinger)software, FW residues within 4 Å of the CDR residues (IMGT definition)in the structures of mouse Tau01 antibody were identified, anddesignated as the “4 Å Proximity Residues”. Human VH sequence alignmentswith highest identity to MoTau01 VH in the 4 Å Proximity Residues areshown in Table 5. Table 6 lists these envelope residues and VCIs, andthe number of residues in either the FW, VCI or 4 Å Proximity Residueswhich are identical to the mouse equivalent position for the sequencesin Table 5.

Humanized sequences and incomplete sequences were removed from theanalysis. The sequence DQ840895.1 was chosen as the human heavy chaindonor candidate. This sequence scores high in sequence identity andsimilarity, and has only 2 somatic mutations from its IGHV3-73*01 VHgermline. It has eight 4 Å proximity and one VCI residue change but thiswas the minimal number of changes obtainable (Table 8).

TABLE 8 Tau01 Heavy Chain Humanization Strategy Name   Sequence       1          2        3             4          5         7         8            9       10                             1112345678901234567890123456789012345ABCD67890123456789012ABC D345678901234567890123456789012ABC345678901234567890ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUV1234567890123 MoTau01EVQVVESGGGLVQPKGSLKLSCAASGFTFNT----YAMNWVRQAPGKGLEWVARIRSKS- VHNNYATYYADSVKDRFTISRDDSQSMVYLQMNNLKTEDTAMYYCVGGG--------------------------DFWGQGTALTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 105)LVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLKLSCAASGFTF---- DQ840895. SGSAMHWVRQASGKGLEWVGRIRSKA-1 NSYATAYAASVKGRFTISRDDSKNTAYLQMDSLKTEDTAVYYCTTY---------------------------EGWGQGTLVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 106) Tau01 HALVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLKLSCAASGFTFNT---- YAMHWVRQASGKGLEWVGRIRSKS-NNYATAYAASVKGRFTISRDDSKNTAYLQMDSLKTEDTAVYYCVGGG--------------------------DFWGQGTLVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 107) Tau01 HBEVQVVESGGGLVQPGGSLKLSCAASGFTFNT---- YAMNWVRQASGKGLEWVARIRSKS-NNYATYYADSVKGRFTISRDDSKSMVYLQMDSLKTEDTAVYYCVGGG--------------------------DFWGQGTLVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 108) Tau01 HCLVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLKLSCAASGFTFNT---- YAMNWVRQASGKGLEWVGRIRSKS-NNYAT YAASVKGRFTISRDDSKSMAYLQMDSLKTEDTAVYYCVGGG--------------------------DFWGQGTLVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 109) Tau01 HDEVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLKLSCAASGFTFNT---- YAMHWVRQASGKGLEWVGRIRSKS-NNYATAYAASVKGRFTISRDDSKNTAYLQMDSLKTEDTAVYYCVGGG--------------------------DFWGQGTLVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 110) Tau01 HELVQVVESGGGLVQPGGSLKLSCAASGFTFNT---- YAMHWVRQASGKGLEWVGRIRSKS-NNYATAYAASVKGRFTISRDDSKNTAYLQMDSLKTEDTAVYYCVGGG--------------------------DFWGQGTLVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 111) Tau01 HFLVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLKLSCAASGFTFNT---- YAMNWVRQASGKGLEWVGRIRSKS-NNYATAYAASVKGRFTISRDDSKNTAYLQMDSLKTEDTAVYYCVGGG--------------------------DFWGQGTLVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 112) Tau01 HGLVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLKLSCAASGFTFNT---- YAMHWVRQASGKGLEWVARIRSKS-NNYATAYAASVKGRFTISRDDSKNTAYLQMDSLKTEDTAVYYCVGGG--------------------------DFWGQGTLVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 113) Tau01 HHLVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLKLSCAASGFTFNT---- YAMHWVRQASGKGLEWVGRIRSKS-NNYATYYAASVKGRFTISRDDSKNTAYLQMDSLKTEDTAVYYCVGGG--------------------------DFWGQGTLVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 114) Tau01 HILVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLKLSCAASGFTFNT---- YAMHWVRQASGKGLEWVGRIRSKS-NNYATAYADSVKGRFTISRDDSKNTAYLQMDSLKTEDTAVYYCVGGG--------------------------DFWGQGTLVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 115) Tau01 HJLVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLKLSCAASGFTFNT---- YAMHWVRQASGKGLEWVGRIRSKS-NNYATAYAASVKGRFTISRDDSKSTAYLQMDSLKTEDTAVYYCVGGG---------------------DFWGQGTLVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 116) Tau01 HKLVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLKLSCAASGFTFNT---- YAMHWVRQASGKGLEWVGRIRSKS-NNYATAYAASVKGRFTISRDDSKNMAYLQMDSLKTEDTAVYYCVGGG--------------------------DFWGQGTLVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 117) Tau01 HLLVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLKLSCAASGFTFNT---- YAMHWVRQASGKGLEWVGRIRSKS-NNYATAYAASVKGRFTISRDDSKNTVYLQMDSLKTEDTAVYYCVGGG--------------------------DFWGQGTLVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 118) Tau01 HMLVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLKLSCAASGFTFNT---- YAMNWVRQASGKGLEWVGRIRSKS-NNYATYYAASVKGRFTISRDDSKSMAYLQMDSLKTEDTAVYYCVGGG-------------------------DFWGQGTLVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 119) Tau01 HNLVQVVESGGGLVQPGGSLKLSCAASGFTFNT---- YAMNWVRQASGKGLEWVGRIRSKS-NNYATYYAASVKGRFTISRDDSKSMAYLQMDSLKTEDTAVYYCVGGG--------------------------DFWGQGTLVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 120) Tau01 HOLVQVVESGGGLVQPGGSLKLSCAASGFTFNT---- YAMNWVRQASGKGLEWVARIRSKS-NNYATYYAASVKGRFTISRDDSKSMAYLQMDSLKTEDTAVYYCVGGG--------------------------DFWGQGTLVTVSS SEQ ID NO: 121) Residues in Italicsindicate back-mutations to the Mouse Residue

Likewise, the sequence L33034 was chosen as the human kappa light chaindonor candidate. This sequence scores high in sequence identity andsimilarity to Tau01 VK and has only 1 somatic mutation from theIGKV1-17*01 germline. It has five potential 4 Å proximity residues andone VCI residue change.

The sequences for Kappa Light Chain Humanization Strategy are shown inTable 12.

TABLE 12 Tau01 Kappa Light Chain Humanization Strategy Name                                Sequence         1         2               3         4         5         67         8         9              10123456789012345678901234567ABCDEF89012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345ABCDEF678901234567 MoTaDIQMTQSPSSLSASLGERVSLTCRASQEIS------ u01VYLSWFQQKPDGTIKRLIYGAFTLDSGVPKRFSGSRSGSDYSLTISSLESEDFADYYCLQYVR----- VKYPWTFGGGTKLEIK (SEQ ID NO: 122) L3303DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQEIS------ 4VYLGWYQQKPGKAPKRLIYGAFKLQSGVPSRFSGSRSGTEFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCLQYVR-----YPWTFGGGTKVEIK (SEQ ID NO: 123) Tau01DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQEIS------ KAVYLGWYQQKPGKAPKRLIYGAFKLQSGVPSRFSGSRSGTEFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCLQYVR-----YPWTFGGGTKVEIK (SEQ ID NO: 124) Tau01DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQEIS------ KBVYLSWFQQKPGKAIKRLIYGAFTLQSGVPSRFSGSRSGSEYTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCLQYVR-----YPWTFGGGTKVEIK (SEQ ID NO: 125) Tau01DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQEIS------ KCVYLSWFQQKPGKAPKRLIYGAFKLQSGVPSRFSGSRSGTEYTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCLQYVR-----YPWTFGGGTKVEIK (SEQ ID NO: 126) Tau01DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQEIS------ KDVYLSWYQQKPGKAPKRLIYGAFKLQSGVPSRFSGSRSGTEFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCLQYVR-----YPWTFGGGTKVEIK (SEQ ID NO: 127) Tau01DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQEIS------ KEVYLGWFQQKPGKAPKRLIYGAFKLQSGVPSRFSGSRSGTEFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCLQYVR-----YPWTFGGGTKVEIK (SEQ ID NO: 128) Tau01DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQEIS------ KFVYLGWYQQKPGKAIKRLIYGAFKLQSGVPSRFSGSRSGTEFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCLQYVR-----YPWTFGGGTKVEIK (SEQ ID NO: 129) Tau01DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQEIS------ KGVYLGWYQQKPGKAPKRLIYGAFTLQSGVPSRFSGSRSGTEFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCLQYVR-----YPWTFGGGTKVEIK (SEQ ID NO: 130) Tau01DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQEIS------ KHVYLGWYQQKPGKAPKRLIYGAFKLQSGVPSRFSGSRSGSEFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCLQYVR-----YPWTFGGGTKVEIK (SEQ ID NO: 131) Tau01DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQEIS------- KIVYLGWYQQKPGKAPKRLIYGAFKLQSGVPSRFSGSRSGTEYTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCLQYVR-----YPWTFGGGTKVEIK (SEQ ID NO: 132) Tau01DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQEIS------ KJVYLGWYQQKPGKAPKRLIYGAFSLQSGVPSRFSGSRSGTEFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCLQYVR-----YPWTFGGGTKVEIK (SEQ ID NO: 133) Tau01DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQEIS------ KLVYLSWFQQKPGKAIKRLIYGAFKLQSGVPSRFSGSRSGTEYTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCLQYVR-----YPWTFGGGTKVEIK (SEQ ID NO: 134) Tau01DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQEIS------ KMVYLSWFQQKPGKAIKRLIYGAFSLQSGVPSRFSGSRSGTEYTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCLQYVR-----YPWTFGGGTKVEIK (SEQ ID NO: 135) Tau01DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQEIS------ KNVYLGWYQQKPGKAPKRLIYGAFTLQSGVPSRFSGSRSGTEYTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCLQYVR-----YPWTFGGGTKVEIK (SEQ ID NO: 136) Tau01DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQEIS------ KOVYLGWYQQKPGKAPKRLIYGAFSLQSGVPSRFSGSRSGTEYTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCLQYVR-----YPWTFGGGTKVEIK (SEQ ID NO: 137) Tau01DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQEIS------ KPVYLGWFQQKPGKAPKRLIYGAFKLQSGVPSRFSGSRSGTEYTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCLQYVR-----YPWTFGGGTKVEIK (SEQ ID NO: 138) Residues in Italics indicateback-mutations to the Mouse Residue.

Design of Tau01 Humanized Heavy Chain Variants

Once a suitable human framework has been identified, the syntheticprotein and DNA sequence can be designed. The initial design of thehumanized version of Tau01 is the grafting of CDR 1, 2 and 3 fromMoTau01 VH into the acceptor FW of DQ840895.1, thereby creating variantTau01 HA. The eight 4 Å proximity residues and one VCI residue, atpositions 1, 4, 35, 49, 58, 61, and 76-78 are then back mutated to themouse equivalent residue, in the humanized version Tau01 HB, and mutatedone at a time in the following variants: sequences were assembled insilico and designated Tau01 HD to Tau01 HL. Table 8 compares the murineand the humanized versions of Tau01 VH protein sequences.

Design of Tau01 Humanized Light Chain Variants

The framework from L33034 was used to design the DNA and protein for thehumanized constructs. CDR 1, 2 and 3 from Tau01 VK are shown graftedinto the acceptor FW of L33034 to generate the initial version ofhumanized Tau01. There are five unmatched 4 Å Proximity residues and oneVCI residue, at positions 34, 36, 44, 53, 69 and 71, in Tau01 KA thatwere back-mutated to the equivalent mouse residue in the variant Tau01KB (Table 12).

These residues were mutated one at a time in the following variants:sequences were assembled in silico and designated Tau01 KD to Tau01 KI.In version Tau01 KG, the residue K, back-mutated to the mouse residue T,was also mutated to the Human germline residue S. This additionalvariant was named Tau01 KJ.

Design of the Heavy and Light Chain C Versions

Following on from the design of the initial humanized variants, ahomology model of Tau01 HAKA was built and evaluated. The latter modelwas superimposed with the model of the mouse antibody. Each positionidentified for back-mutation and the 3 Å residues surrounding thosepositions were highlighted and examined in the models. Based on thisdata, predictions were made as to which residues were the most importantto back-mutate and these were incorporated to form the HC version forthe heavy chain (Table 8) and the KC version for the light chain (Table12).

Example 4 (Generation and Properties of a Humanized Antibodies)Generation of Tau01 Humanized Antibodies

The sequences for Tau01 HA/B/C and KA/B/C were codon optimized to usecodons preferentially utilized by human cells and synthesized byGenscript. KA/B/C and HA/B/C constructs were PCR amplified and clonedinto pHuK and pHuG4, respectively in ligase independent cloningreactions and used to transform TOP10 bacteria. Version HA or KA wassubsequently modified by PCR mutagenesis to obtain the other humanizedvariants annotated in the Table 8 or 12 respectively, using the primersin Table 4.

Clones were sequenced and plasmid DNA was prepared using the QIAGENPlasmid Miniprep Kit or Qiagen Plasmid Maxiprep kit. The expressionconstruct sequences (HA, HB, HC, KA, KB and KC) are shown in FIGS. 9 to14.

Antibody Expression

Expression plasmid preparations encoding (humanized or chimeric) VH andVK were used to transfect ExpiCHO cells, cultured for 7 days in serumfree media, whereupon the conditioned medium containing secretedantibody was harvested. The concentrations of IgG4κ antibodies inExpiCHO cell conditioned media were measured by octet and are shown inTables 14 A-C. Most antibodies were produced at good expression levels.

TABLE 14 IgG levels in transfected ExpiCHO cell conditioned medium IgGConcentration A (μg/ml) MoTau01 181.4 HuG4K Tau01 357.1 HAKA Tau01 353.7HAKB Tau01 68*  HAKC Tau01 397.9 HBKA Tau01 562.2 HBKB Tau01 67*  HBKCTau01 695.4 HCKA Tau01 490.4 HCKB Tau01 624.4 HCKC IgG Concentration B(μg/ml) Tau01 75.5 HDKA Tau01 67.4 HDKB Tau01 49 HDKC Tau01 8.24* HEKATau01 65.3 HEKB Tau01 51.9 HEKC Tau01 54.75 HFKA Tau01 115.15 HFKB Tau01118.15 HFKC Tau01 66.4 HGKA Tau01 56.3 HGKB Tau01 7.14* HGKC Tau01 57.1HHKA Tau01 53.6 HHKB Tau01 61.5 HHKC Tau01 65.8 HIKA Tau01 47.4 HIKBTau01 58.5 HIKC Tau01 52.4 HJKA Tau01 49.8 HJKB Tau01 52.1 HJKC Tau01 48HKKA Tau01 39.5 HKKB Tau01 48.8 HKKC Tau01 42.3 HLKA Tau01 42.2 HLKBTau01 53.7 HLKC IgG Concentration C (μg/ml) Tau01 20.9* HBKD Tau01 61.9HBKE Tau01 74 HBKF Tau01 84.1 HBKG Tau01 60.4 HBKH Tau01 49.6 HBKI Tau0183.3 HBKJ Tau01 16.3* HCKD Tau01 60.1 HCKE Tau01 50 HCKF Tau01 61 HCKGTau01 55.8 HCKH Tau01 19.2* HCKI Tau01 48.6 HCKJ *Expression oftransfection control, Hu1210 HuG1K was also reduced (expected level ~100μg/ml).

Antigen Binding by Initial Versions of the Humanized Antibodies

The binding of the humanized variants to the TauC3 antigen provided wastested by binding ELISA as described in Example 5. The data shown inFIG. 15 displays the binding ELISA of TauC3 with humanized antibodiesconsisting of the HA/HB heavy chains in combination with KA/KB lightchains. The HAKA and HAKB humanized antibodies do not bind to TauC3. TheMoTau01HuG4K chimeric binds to TauC3 with an EC50 value of 0.65 nM andthe HBKA and HBKB variants bind with similar EC50 values with the HBKBversion being the closest (0.78 nM).

Considering this data, further versions of the humanized heavy and lightchains were expressed, each with a single back-mutation (Tables 8 and12). FIG. 16 shows the results of the heavy chain single mutants and theHC version in combination with KA-KC, tested for binding to TauC3 byELISA. The data shows the heavy chain single mutants were unable to bindas well as the chimeric antibody to TauC3. The HB and HC versions incombination with KA-KC bound to TauC3 with the highest EC50 values withHBKB and HBKC displaying the closest value to the chimeric antibody(0.81 nM and 0.84 nM respectively). These results were confirmed using ascreening assay on the Octet instrument with one concentration of TauC3as described in section 8.12 (FIG. 17). The Octet data is not optimal astwo-phase association and dissociation events can be observed which islikely due to the nature of the TauC3 protein. However, the octet datais sufficient for screening and ranking the humanized candidates.

Since HB/HC are the best heavy chains versions, their binding to TauC3in combination with all the light chain versions (KA-KJ) was tested bybinding ELISA (FIG. 18) and the Octet screening assay (FIGS. 19A and B).Many of the light chain single mutants are capable of retaining bindingto TauC3 but the light chain versions KE, KG, KI and KJ rank the highestin both assays.

Design and Generation of the Second Round of the Humanized Antibodies

Based on the sub-optimal binding results for the initial humanizedvariants, a second round of variants were designed by incorporatingadditional back-mutations into the HC and KC versions (HM-HO and KL andKM respectively) or combining two back-mutations in the KA version(KN-KP) (Tables 8 and 12). The mutagenesis, DNA preparation, expressionand quantitation were conducted. The expression levels obtained areshown in Tables 14 D and E. Most antibodies were produced at goodexpression levels.

TABLE 14 IgG levels in transfected ExpiCHO cell conditioned medium IgGConcentration D (μg/ml) Tau01 377.95 HMKA Tau01 329.85 HMKB Tau01 552.3HMKC Tau01 399.5 HMKG Tau01 417.9 HMKJ Tau01 419.2 HMKI Tau01 441.4 HNKATau01 557.8 HNKB Tau01 50.45 HNKC Tau01 487 HNKG Tau01 662.8 HNKJ Tau01370.5 HNKI Tau01 354.85 HOKA Tau01 352.75 HOKB Tau01 92.85 HOKC Tau01321.8 HOKG Tau01 333.6 HOKJ Tau01 262.15 HOKI IgG Concentration E(μg/ml) Tau01 353.7 HCKL Tau01 261.75 HCKM Tau01 406.7 HCKN Tau01 710.4HCKO Tau01 677.5 HCKP Tau01 535.6 HMKE Tau01 449.8 HMKL Tau01 164.43HMKM Tau01 443.7 HMKN Tau01 431.7 HMKO Tau01 352.1 HMKP

Antigen Binding by the Second Round of the Humanized Tau01 Antibodies

In order to evaluate the heavy chain, the binding activity of antibodyvariants containing HM, HN and HO combined with light chains KA, KB, KG,KI, KJ were tested by ELISA (FIG. 20) and Octet (FIG. 21) against TauC3.The HM and HO variants ranked the highest in both assays. The onlydifference between the HO and HM variant is an additional back-mutationof L-V in position 4 which is also present in the HN variant. Since theHN versions did not bind as well as HM versions, the L-V back-mutationwas not deemed to be necessary so HM was chosen as the top heavy chainfrom the second round of designs.

The lead heavy chain HM was expressed with several light chains; KA-KC,the selected single-mutants previously highlighted (KE, KG, KI, KJ) andthe second round of designs, KL, KN, KO, KP. These lights chains werealso expressed in combination with the earlier favored heavy chain, HC,for comparison. The binding of these humanized antibody variants wastested by binding ELISA (FIG. 22) against TauC3. Overall, the HMvariants bound with higher EC50s than the HC variants so the formervariants were evaluated in the Octet screening assay (FIG. 23). Theantibody variants HMKE, HMKN, HMKO and HMKP ranked the highest in bothassays. The KM light chain was also screened in combination with HC/HMand compared to the leading antibody variants by Octet (FIG. 24A). TheHMKM version ranked very highly in the Octet screening assay whereasHCKM ranked the lowest. The binding of the humanized leads was alsotested against FL Tau using Octet to determine how much selectivity hadbeen retained (FIG. 24B). The signals obtained with 500 nM FL Tau werevery low (0.03-0.07 nm) which is in the non-specific binding range.

To further evaluate the binding data observed on the Octet, an off-rateranking experiment was performed on the Biacore 200 instrument. Biacoreoffers greater selectivity than the Octet and facilitated theimmobilization of TauC3 onto a CM5 chip via amine coupling whichstabilizes the antigen. This produces higher quality data with stablebaselines and good reproducible responses. Once TauC3 is immobilized,one concentration (5 nM) of antibody is added, followed by adissociation and regeneration step (Section 8.20). The off-rates werefitted using a two-phase decay model (FIG. 25B) or a one phase decayfitting only the second off-rate (FIG. 25A). The candidates were thenranked based on the off-rates obtained using the fits and compared. Thedata agreed with the Octet results (albeit with a different rankingorder), highlighting Tau01 HMKM, HMKO, HMKP, HMKN and HMKE as thehumanized variants with the slowest off-rates. The lack of binding of FLTau to chimeric and a humanized candidate was also confirmed by Biacoreby loading the antibody onto a Protein G chip and adding 250 nM FL Tau.FIG. 26 shows no binding could be observed for either MoTau01 HuG4k orTau01 HCKB.

Thermal Stability of the Humanized Tau01 Candidate Antibodies

The aim of this experiment was to test the thermal stability of thechimeric antibody and some of the humanized antibodies (Tau01 HCKG,HCKN, HMKE, HMKN, HMKO, HMKP) when subjected to higher temperatures,varying from 35° C. to 95° C. for 10 minutes, cooled to 4° C. and usedin a binding ELISA at the EC80 concentration of each candidate (Section8.15). All humanized candidate antibodies were more stable than thechimeric antibody, retaining binding ability to TauC3 until 67-68° C.following which binding to TauC3 decreased (FIG. 27). The humanizedvariants exhibit increased thermal stability compared to the chimericantibody MoTau01 HuG4k which only retained binding up to ˜55° C. Thevariants containing the HM heavy chain retained binding to slightlyhigher temperatures than the HC heavy chain variants tested.

Selection of Lead Humanized Tau01 Candidate Antibodies

Taking all of these results together, the lead humanized antibodyvariants Tau01 HMKE, HMKM, HMKN, HMKO and HMKP were selected to scale-upand purify using affinity and size-exclusion chromatography, asdescribed in Section 8.16. The purified antibodies were furthercharacterized in a series of biophysical assays. The HCKB humanizedcandidate with weaker binding to TauC3 was also scaled up for expressionand purification in order to be used as a comparator antibody forranking in the seeding assay. This would allow us to further test thecorrelation between antibody affinity in vitro and potency in the cellassay.

Aggregation of Humanized Tau01 Candidate Antibodies

As part of the QC process after purification, the antibody samples aresubjected to SEC-MALS/DLS followed by mass spectrometry. To determinethe absolute molar masses and check for aggregation, the purifiedantibody samples were injected into a size exclusion column in an HPLCsystem and analyzed by multi-angle light scattering. The profiles forMoTau01 HuG4k and Tau01 HMKM show no signs of aggregation with anaverage molecular weight of about 147-8 kDa, which is the expected rangefor an IgG monomer in this analysis setup (FIG. 28A). The Tau01 HCKBantibody profile has a broad peak which skews the data resulting in amolecular weight of 179.6 kDa (FIG. 28B). All three antibodies aremonodisperse (Mw/Mn<1.05) and display no signs of aggregation.

Dynamic light scattering is a complementary technique to static-lightscattering (SEC-MALS) for the detection of soluble aggregates and wasused to QC the humanized variants Tau01 HMKN, HMKO, HMKP and HMKE. TheZ-Ave or hydrodynamic diameter is expected to be around 10 for anantibody and the Polydispersity index (PdI) should be <0.1 if the sampleis monodisperse. As shown in FIG. 29, all of the antibody samplescontain one major population which is monodisperse and are consistentwith the size of a monoclonal antibody.

To confirm the accurate molecular weight of the antibodies, massspectrometry was performed on intact and reduced antibody samples andare shown in FIG. 30A-G. The molecular weights match the predictedmolecular weights for all of the antibodies tested and the amino acidsequences confirmed. No other liabilities were flagged. Overall, thepurified chimeric and humanized antibodies passed QC.

Kinetic Studies of the Humanized Tau01 Candidate Antibodies to TauC3

To determine the affinity of the binding interactions, a biacore kineticassay was developed which involved immobilizing TauC3 on a CM5 chip viaamine coupling and injecting a concentration series of the respectiveantibody over it. The chimeric antibody binds to TauC3 with a KD of 57pM (FIG. 31A).

FIG. 31B shows Tau01 HCKB is the weakest binder to TauC3 (1.2 nM)followed by HMKM which binds to TauC3 with an affinity of 110 pM (FIG.31G). Tau01 HMKO, HMKN, HMKP and HMKE, shown in FIG. 31C-F, have KDvalues comparable or tighter than the chimeric antibody. However, theoff-rate is slightly faster for all humanized candidates compared to thechimeric (0.001-0.004 for humanized vs 0.0007 for the chimeric). Itshould be noted that the ka is at the limits of the instrument so theabsolute values should be compared with caution. It can be concludedthat the antibodies HMKN, HMKP and HMKE bind in the picomolar range andhave the slowest off-rates of all the humanized variants tested.

Determination of the Melting Temperature (Tm) of Humanized Tau01Candidate Antibodies

In order to determine the melting temperature of the lead antibodiesTau01 HMKE, HMKM, HMKN, HMKO, HMKP a thermal shift assay was performed.Samples were incubated with a fluorescent dye (Sypro Orange) for 71cycles with 1° C. increase per cycle in a qPCR thermal cycler (Section8.21). Tm for the humanized antibodies were calculated to be 68-69° C.(FIG. 32).

Non-Specific Protein-Protein Interactions (CIC) of Humanized Tau01Candidate Antibodies

Cross-Interaction Chromatography using bulk purified human polyclonalIgG is a technique for monitoring non-specific protein-proteininteractions and can provide an indication of any solubility issues,which can give rise to downstream manufacturing problems, as explainedin Example 5. An elevated Retention Index (k′) indicates aself-interaction propensity and a low solubility. Humanized Tau01 HMKE,HMKM, HMKN, HMKO, HMKP candidate antibodies show a Retention Index below0.038, indicating a low propensity for non-specific interactions andgood solubility (FIG. 33).

Solubility of Humanized Tau01 Candidate Antibodies

The humanized Tau01 HMKE, HMKM, HMKN, HMKO, HMKP candidate antibodieswere concentrated using solvent absorption concentrators (MWCO 7500 kDa)and the concentration measured at timed intervals. Tau01 HMKP wasconcentrated to 123 mg/ml and Tau01 HMKN, HMKM and MoTau01 HuG4Kantibodies were concentrated to 87-88 mg/mL (FIG. 34). Tau01 HMKO HuG4Kwas concentrated to 59 mg/ml without apparent precipitation and Tau01HMKE HuG4K was concentrated to 57 mg/ml. The data suggest that theantibodies are not prone to precipitation at concentrations of up to 57mg/mL.

Freeze/Thaw and Heat Stress Analysis of Humanized Tau01 CandidateAntibodies by Circular Dichroism

Circular Dichroism (CD) is a spectroscopic technique which allows us toobserve the overall secondary structure of a purified protein sample.

The freeze-thaw (FT) stress experiment involved subjecting samples ofthe purified candidate antibodies to 10 cycles of 15 minutes at −80° C.followed by thawing for 15 minutes at room temperature. To perform theheat stress experiment, samples of the purified candidate antibodieswere exposed to temperatures of; a) 4° C., b) room temperature (RT), c)37° C. and d) 50° C. for 25 days.

Samples were then analyzed by Circular dichroism to check if secondarystructure had been retained (FIG. 35). All the humanized variants testedpasses our internal threshold. Overall, the data suggests that the heatstress and freeze/thaw cycles do not affect the secondary structure ofthe humanized Tau01 HMKE, HMKM, HMKN, HMKO, HMKP candidate antibodies.

Isoelectric Point Analysis of Humanized Tau01 Candidate Antibodies

pI analysis of the humanized candidate antibodies was performed usingcapillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF). This technique allows antibodiesto be separated according to their isoelectric point (pI) using a pHgradient across the capillary. FIG. 36 shows the chromatograms and Table15 displays the main pI isoform(s) of each antibody (defined as greaterthan 10% peak area) and the pI range for each antibody. The mainisoelectric points for humanized Tau01 HMKE, HMKM, HMKN, HMKO, HMKPcandidates are ˜8.86-8.81.

Serum Stability Assessment of Humanized Tau01 Candidate Antibodies

Purified samples of the chimeric and humanized antibodies were incubatedin mouse, human and cynomolgus serum for 21 days. The binding of theTau01 HMKE, HMKM, HMKN, HMKO, HMKP candidate antibodies which had beenincubated in the 3 different serums were compared with an antibodyincubated in PBS and a 4° C. positive control sample by binding ELISA toTauC3 (FIG. 37). The Tau01 HMKE, HMKM, HMKN, HMKO, HMKP candidateantibodies retained their binding capability after being incubated inmouse, human and cynomolgus serum.

Summary of Data for the Lead Tau01 HMKE HMKN, HMKO, HMKP, HMKM HumanizedCandidates Compared to MoTau01 HuG4k

Table 16 shows a summary of the binding, kinetic affinity andbiophysical properties of the lead humanized Tau01 HMKE HMKN, HMKO,HMKP, HMKM antibody candidates compared to the chimeric antibody MoTau01HuG4k. All of the humanized candidates bind in the picomolar range butof these, Tau01 HMKN, HMKO and HMKP have the highest affinities andslowest off-rates and also pass all of our biophysical assays. Takingall the data into account, Tau01 HMKP was chosen as the lead humanizedcandidate as it has the highest affinity, a slow off-rate and shows nopotential liabilities in the biophysical assays. Tau01 HMKN and Tau01HMKO and KMKE are all good back up humanized lead candidates as theyalso have excellent properties.

TABLE 16 Final humanized candidate antibody summary Tau01 Tau01 Tau01Tau01 Tau01 MoTau01 HMKN HMKO HMKP HMKE HMKM HuG4k HuG4k HuG4k HuG4kHuG4k HuG4k Expression 213.2 mg/L *40 mg/L *44 mg/L 153 mg/L 262.5 mg/L221.2 mg/L ka (1/Ms) 1.29 × 10⁷  6.03 × 10⁷  5.93 × 10⁷  1.43 × 10⁷ 1.41 × 10⁸  1.65 × 10⁸  kd (1/s) 7.41 × 10⁻⁴ 1.50 × 10⁻³ 3.52 × 10⁻³1.86 × 10⁻³ 2.83 × 10⁻³ 1.81 × 10⁻² KD (pM) 57 25 59 13 20 110 pI range6.68-7.16 8.17-8.61 8.18-8.61 8.36-8.87 8.38-8.94 8.29-8.57 Average Tm62 69 69 68 68 69 (° C.) Thermal <60° C. >67° C. >67° C. >67° C. >67° C./ stability Solubility ≥80 mg/ml ≥80 mg/ml ≥50 mg/ml ≥100 mg/ml ≥50mg/ml ≥80 mg/ml CD-50° C. No data pass pass pass pass pass incubationCD-repeated No data pass pass pass pass pass freeze-thaw SEC-MALS- <0.5%0 / / / / repeated freeze- aggregation thaw Non-specific −0.01-Pass0.022-Pass 0.03-Pass 0.038-Pass 0.025-Pass −0.080-Pass interactionsSerum stability Binding Binding Binding Binding Binding Binding retainedin retained in retained in retained in retained in retained in all seraall sera all sera all sera all sera all sera No of aa 83 84 82 83 82identical to germline % ID with 87.4 88.4 86.3 87.4 86.3 germline V-segment*

Conclusion

The aim of this project was to humanize the MoTau01 antibody and toensure the resulting antibody is capable of binding to TauC3 withcomparable affinity when compared to the chimeric antibody. The MoTau01antibody has been engineered and expressed as a humanized antibodywithout significant loss of binding affinity. The Tau01 HMKE, HMKM,HMKN, HMKO, HMKP humanized antibodies showed high affinities in bindingELISAs, Octet ranking and kinetic studies using Biacore, in thepicomolar range (FIG. 31) and also pass all of our biophysical assays.

The Tau01 HMKP antibody shows the best drug-like characteristics as wellas excellent kinetics of binding so was chosen as the lead candidate(Table 16). In our view the combination of the excellent binding,expression, thermostability, affinity and biophysical characterizationproperties make Tau01 HMKP a suitable candidate antibody for furtherdevelopment. Tau01 HMKN, HMKO and HMKE also exhibit excellent propertiesand are very good back up humanized lead candidates.

Example 5 (Protocols)

The following protocols/procedures were used in Examples 1-4.

RNeasy Mini protocol for isolation of total RNA (Qiagen)

1. Disrupt cells by addition of Buffer RLT. For pelleted cells, loosenthe cell pellet thoroughly by flicking the tube. Add Buffer RLT (600μl), and proceed to step 2. Note: Incomplete loosening of the cellpellet may lead to inefficient lysis and reduced yields.2. Homogenize cells passing the lysate at least 5 times through an18-20-gauge needle fitted to an

RNase-Free Syringe.

3. Add 1 volume of 70% ethanol to the homogenized lysate, and mixthoroughly by pipetting. Do not centrifuge. The volume of lysate may beless than 600 μl due to loss during homogenization.4. Transfer up to 700 μl of the sample, including any precipitate thatmay have formed, to an RNeasy spin column placed in a 2 mL collectiontube. Close the lid gently, and centrifuge for 15 s at ≥8000×g. Discardthe flow-through. Reuse the centrifuge tube in step 5.5. Add 700 μl Buffer RW1 to the RNeasy column. Close the lid gently, andcentrifuge for 15 s at≥8000×g to wash the column membrane. Discard the flow-through. Reuse thecentrifuge tube in step 6.6. Add 500 μl Buffer RPE to the RNeasy column. Close the lid gently, andcentrifuge for 15 s at≥8000×g to wash the column membrane. Discard the flow-through. Reuse thecentrifuge tube in step 7.6. Add another 500 μl Buffer RPE to the RNeasy column. Close the lidgently, and centrifuge for 2 min at ≥8000×g to dry the RNeasy spincolumn membrane.7. Place the RNeasy spin column in a new 2 mL collection tube anddiscard the old collection tube with the flow-through. Close the lidgently and centrifuge at full speed for 1 min.8. To elute, transfer the RNeasy column to a new 1.5 mL collection tube.Add 30 μl of RNase-free water directly onto the RNeasy spin columnmembrane. Close the tube gently. Let it stand for 1 min, and thencentrifuge for 1 min at ≥8000×g.

Protocol for 1^(st)-Strand cDNA Synthesis (GE Life Sciences)

-   -   1. Place the RNA sample in a microcentrifuge tube and add        RNase-free water to bring the RNA to the appropriate volume (20        μL-12× dilution, see Table A).    -   2. Heat the RNA solution to 65° C. for 10 minutes, then chill on        ice. Gently pipette the Bulk First-Strand cDNA Reaction Mix to        obtain a uniform suspension. (Upon storage, the BSA may        precipitate in the Mix; this precipitate will dissolve during        incubation).    -   3. Add Bulk First-Strand cDNA Reaction Mix (11 μL) to a sterile        1.5 or 0.5 mL microcentrifuge tube. To this tube add 1 μL of DTT        Solution, 1 (0.2 μg, 1:25 dilution) of NotI-d(T)18 primer and        the heat-denatured RNA. Pipette up and down several times to        mix.    -   4. Incubate at 37° C. for 1 hour and heat inactivate        transcriptase for 5 min at 95° C.

TABLE A Volumes of Components in First-Strand Reaction Bulk 1^(st)Strand Reaction Mix Primer DTT RNA Final Volume First-Strand Reaction 11μL 1 μL 1 μL 20 μL 33 μL

cDNA Purification

-   -   1. A simple protocol designed to remove contaminating        First-Strand cDNA primer that could interfere with subsequent        PCR reactions.    -   2. Add 99 μl of Buffer QG (from Qiagen Gel Extraction Kit, Cat.        No: 28704) and 33 μl IPA. Mix and add to a QiaQuick Gel        Extraction Column. Spin and discard the flow-through.    -   3. Wash the column once with 500 μl Buffer QG. Discard the        flow-through.    -   4. Wash the column once with 750 μl Buffer PE. Discard the        flow-through.    -   5. Spin the column to remove any residual alcohol and allow the        column to dry.    -   6. Elute the cDNA with 50 μl distilled water pre-heated to 65°        C.

PCR Cloning of Mouse Variable Regions

-   -   1. Set up PCR reactions on the purified cDNA using the primers        in Tables 1 and 2. Use a different forward primer in each        reaction (MHV1-12 and 14 and MKV 1-11) as follows:

*Kappa chain *Heavy chain 9 μl sterile water 9 μl sterile water 12.5 μlPhusion Flash 12.5 μl Phusion Flash Master Mix Master Mix 1.25 μl 10 μMMKCv2 1.25 μl 10 μM of MHCv2 primer primer mix 1 μl 1st strand reaction1 μl 1st strand reaction cDNA template. cDNA template. *To each reactionadd 1.25 μl of the appropriate MKV-v2 (Table 1) or MHV-v2 (Table 2)Forward primer

-   -   2. Cycle:

3-step protocol Cycle step Time Temp. Cycles Initial denaturation 98° C.10 s  1 Denaturation Temp. 98° C. 1 s 30 Annealing 60° C. 5 s Extension72° C. 6-7 s Final extension 72° C. 1 min 1  4° C. hold

-   -   3. Electrophorese a 5 μl sample from each PCR-reaction on a 2%        (w/v) agarose gel to determine which of the leader primers        produces a PCR-product. Positive PCR-clones will be about        420-500 bp in size.    -   4. For the positive clones, PCR purify the remaining sample        using the QIAGEN PCR Purification Kit, eluting into 404,        nuclease-free water. Send to an outside contractor (e.g. GATC)        for PCR-fragment sequencing using the M13 Forward and M13        Reverse primers.

QIAquick PCR Purification Microcentrifuge and Vacuum Protocol (QIAGEN)

-   -   1. All centrifugation steps are at 17,900×g (13,000 rpm) in a        conventional table top microcentrifuge.    -   2. Add 5 volumes of Buffer PB to 1 volume of the PCR reaction        and mix. If the colour of the mixture is orange or violet, add        10 μl of 3 M sodium acetate, pH 5.0, and mix. The colour of the        mixture will turn yellow.    -   3. Place a QIAquick column in a provided 2 mL collection tube or        into a vacuum manifold.    -   4. To bind DNA, apply the sample to the QIAquick column and        centrifuge for 30-60 s or apply vacuum to the manifold until all        samples have passed through the column. Discard flow-through and        place the QIAquick column back into the same tube.    -   5. To wash, add 0.75 mL Buffer PE to the QIAquick column and        centrifuge for 30-60 s or apply vacuum. Discard flow-through and        place the QIAquick column back in the same tube.    -   6. Centrifuge the column in a 2 mL collection tube (provided)        for 1 min.    -   7. Place each QIAquick column in a clean 1.5 mL microcentrifuge        tube.    -   8. To elute DNA, add 40-50 μl Buffer EB (10 mM Tris.Cl, pH 8.5)        to the centre of the QIAquick membrane and centrifuge the column        for 1 min.

Generation of mAb Expression Vectors by LIC

Insert Preparation

-   -   1. Use sequence to generate LIC primers.    -   2. Perform LIC PCR on codon optimised, synthesised genes        (Genscript) using LIC primers (Table 4).    -   3. Set up PCR reactions:

Volume ( for 20 μl final reaction Reagent volume) H₂O add to 50 μl 2 ×Phusion PCR Master 25 μl Mix Primer Rev 2.5 μl, Cf = 0.5 μM Primer For2.5 μl, Cf = 0.5 μM DNA  1 μl Note: Polymerase that generates bluntended PCR products must be used in this step.

Other Polymerases which produce T overhangs are not suitable.

-   -   4. Cycle:

3-step protocol Cycle step Time Temp. Cycles Initial denaturation 98° C.10 s  1 Denaturation Temp. 98° C. 1 s 30 Annealing 72° C. 5 s Extension72° C. 15 s /1 kb Final extension 72° C. 1 min 1  4° C. hold

-   -   5. Run 5 μL of PCR products on a gel to ensure correct sized        product—should be around 370 bp.    -   6. PCR purify products using Qiagen PCR purification kit to        remove nucleotides and primers. Elute into 40 μL nuclease-free        water.    -   7. T4 DNA Polymerase treat inserts:

PCR product   40 μL 10 × NEB 2  4.5 μL dTTP (100 mM) NEB 1.25 μL T4 DNAPolymerase NEB   1 μL

-   -   8. Incubate at RT for 30 min and then inactivate enzyme at        70° C. for 20 min.

Vector Preparation

-   -   9. Digest the LIC vectors (vector maps shown in FIGS. 3 and 4)        with BfuAI by incubating at 50° C. for 3 hours or overnight:

10 × NEB buffer 3 10 μL  100 × BSA 1 μL BfuA1 5 μL LIC vector 5 μg dH₂0to 100 μL

-   -   10. Following BfuAI digestion add: 24, of Bam HI and incubate at        37° C. for 2 hours.    -   11. Run the digested vector on a 1% (w/v) agarose/1×TAE gel        containing 1×SYBR Safe DNA Stain. Two bands may be visible—cut        out the higher MW band and extract using gel extraction kit,        elute in 50 μL of EB.    -   12. T4 DNA polymerase treat the vector as follows:

10 × NEB buffer 2   6 μL 100 mM dATP 1.5 μL T4 DNA Pol   1 μL BfuA1digested vector  50 μL

-   -   13. Incubate at RT for 30 min and then inactivate the enzyme at        70° C. for 20 min.

Cloning

-   -   14. Mix 1 μL of insert with 0.5 μL vector in a total of 10 μL        nuclease-free water for 20 min RT. Always perform vector alone        transformation.    -   15. Use the ligation mix to transform 25-50 μL of chemically        competent Invitrogen TOP 10 bacteria following the        manufacturer's instructions and spread on 90 mm diameter LB agar        plates containing Kanamycin (50 μg/mL). Incubate overnight at        37° C.

Pick Colonies from Transformation

-   -   16. PCR confirm using Phusion PCR Master Mix:

Volume ( for 20 μl final reaction Reagent volume) 2 × Phusion PCR Master25 μL  Mix HCMVi primer 1 μL HuG4/HuK LIC primer 1 μL dH₂0 to 23 μL DNADip of colony (grow day culture of same colony)

3-step protocol Cycle step Time Temp. Cycles Initial 98° C. 30 s 1denaturation Denaturation 98° C. 30 s 25-30 Temp. 65° C.  5 s Annealing72° C. 15 s /1 kb Extension Final extension 72° C. 5 min 1  4° C. hold

-   -   17. Run each PCR-reaction on a 2% agarose e-gel cassette and run        for 15 min to determine the size of any PCR-product bands on the        gel.    -   18. Grow starter cultures overnight using LB supplemented with        Kanamycin to miniprep constructs and sequence the DNA (using the        same primers) from at least two separate positive clones of the        variable genes to identify any possible errors due to the        PCR-reaction itself.

Transformation of TOP10™ E. coli (Invitrogen Protocol)

-   -   1. Centrifuge the vial(s) containing the ligation reaction(s)        briefly and place on ice.    -   2. Thaw, on ice, one 50 μL vial of One Shot cells for one or two        ligations/transformations.    -   3. Pipet 1 to 2 μL of each ligation reaction directly into the        vial of competent cells and mix by tapping gently. Do not mix by        pipetting up and down. The remaining ligation mixture(s) can be        stored at −20° C.    -   4. Incubate the vial(s) on ice for 15-30 minutes.    -   5. Incubate for exactly 30 seconds in the 42° C. water bath then        place on ice for 2 min.    -   6. Add 250 μL of pre-warmed S.O.C medium to each vial.    -   7. Shake the vial(s) at 37° C. for exactly 1 hour at 225 rpm in        a shaking incubator.    -   8. Spread 200 μL from each transformation vial on separate,        labeled LB agar plates containing 500 μg/mL kanamycin.    -   9. Invert the plate(s) and incubate at 37° C. overnight.

Plasmid DNA Miniprep Isolation Using QIAprep® (Qiagen Protocol)

-   -   1. Resuspend pelleted bacterial cells in 250 μL Buffer P1 and        transfer to a microcentrifuge tube. Ensure that RNase A has been        added to Buffer P1.    -   2. Add 250 μL Buffer P2 and invert the tube gently 4-6 times to        mix.    -   3. Add 350 μL Buffer N3 and invert the tube immediately but        gently 4-6 times. The solution should become cloudy.    -   4. Centrifuge for 10 min at 13,000 rpm (˜17,900×g) in a        table-top microcentrifuge. A compact white pellet will form.    -   5. Apply the supernatant from step 4 to the QIAprep Spin Column        by pipetting.    -   6. Centrifuge for 30-60 s. Discard the flow-through.    -   7. Wash column by adding 0.5 mL of Buffer PB and centrifuging        for 30-60 s.    -   8. Wash column by adding 0.75 mL Buffer PE and centrifuging for        30-60 s.    -   9. Discard the flow-through and centrifuge for an additional 1        min.    -   10. Place the QIAprep column in a clean 1.5 mL microcentrifuge        tube. To elute DNA, add 50 nuclease-free water to the center of        the QIAprep Spin Column, let stand for 1 min, and centrifuge for        1 min.

ExpiCHO Transfection in 24-well plates 1 ml transfection (The ExpiCHO™Expression System Kit-Invitrogen)

-   -   1. Subculture and expand expiCHO cells until the cells reach a        density of approximately 4-6×10⁶ viable cells/mL.    -   2. On the day prior to transfection (Day −1), split the expiCHO        culture to a final density of 3-4×10⁶ viable cells/mL and allow        the cells to grow overnight.    -   3. Dilute cells to 6×10⁶ viable cells/mL.    -   4. Aliquot 0.9 mL of cells into each well of the 24-well plate        to be used for transfection.    -   5. Prepare ExpiFectamine/DNA complexes.    -   6. Dilute plasmid DNA by adding 1 μL DNA to a final volume of 50        μL OptiPro for each well to be transfected (1 ug of plasmid DNA        per mL of culture volume to be transfected).    -   7. Dilute 4 μL ExpiFectamine CHO reagent in 46 μL OptiPro medium        for each well to be transfected (no incubation time required).    -   8. Add the diluted ExpiFectamine CHO to the diluted DNA and mix        by gentle pipetting 3-4 times (incubation 1 to 5 min).    -   9. Add 100 μL of the complexation mixture to each well        containing culture in the 24-well plate.    -   10. Cover the plates with a gas-permeable lid.    -   11. Incubate the 24-well plate in a 37° C. incubator with 8% CO2        on an orbital shaker (recommended shake speed 225 rpm for        shakers with a 19 mm orbital throw).    -   12. Add ExpiFectamine Enhancer (6 ul ExpiCHO enhancer) and        ExpiCHO Feed (190 ul ExpiCHO feed) 18-22 hours post-transfection    -   13. Protein expression is typically complete and supernatant        ready to be harvested by Day 7-8 post transfection.

IgG quantitation by Octet

-   -   1. Prepare 100 μl of each concentration of standard curve and        ExpiCHO supernatant as follows:        -   a. HuG4K Isotype standard at 500, 250, 125, 62.5, 31.25,            15.6, 7.81, 3.9 μg/ml, using ExpiCHO expression medium as a            diluent        -   b. Test (unknown) samples    -   2. Pre-soak (≥10 mins) protein G-coated biosensors (Pall        ForteBio) in 200 μl ExpiCHO expression medium.    -   3. Aliquot 45 μl standards and test samples into a 384-well        tilted-bottom plate in duplicate, including a media only        control. Seal plate and spin (1000 rpm for 1 min) in bench-top        centrifuge.    -   4. Remove plate seal and insert plate and presoaked sensors into        Octet.    -   5. Perform quantitation as follows:        -   a. Regenerate protein G-coated sensors in 10 mM glycine,            pH1.5 for 5 seconds and neutralize in ExpiCHO expression            medium for 5 seconds. Repeat three times.        -   b. Measure standard or sample for 120 seconds.        -   c. Repeat regeneration and neutralization step as above.    -   6. Import data into analysis software and fit data to a dose        response-5PL weighted fit to give IgG concentrations in μg/ml.

TauC3 Binding ELISA

-   -   1. Coat each well of a 94/384-well MaxiSorp plate with 50/30 μL        aliquots of 1 μg/mL of TauC3 in PBS per well in a 96/384-well        plate respectively. Incubate overnight at 4° C.    -   2. Wash 3× with PBS-T (0.1% Tween20).    -   3. Block with 150/80 μL of PBS+5% BSA+0.1% Tween 20 per well in        a 96/384-well plate respectively.    -   4. Incubate at 37° C. for 1 hour. Wash 3× with PBS-T (0.1%        Tween20).    -   5. Add 50/30 μl of primary antibody serially diluted in PBS+0.2%        BSA+0.1% Tween 20 to the assay plate (96/384-well plate        respectively). Use a 3-fold dilution series starting from ˜4        μg/mL. Repeat the incubation and washing step (step 4).    -   6. Dilute the anti-human kappa chain HRP (Sigma A7164-1 mL) 3 μl        per 10 ml in PBS+0.2% BSA+0.1% Tween 20 and add 50/30 μL to each        well in a 96/384-well plate respectively. Repeat the incubation        and washing step (step 4).    -   7. Add 75/20 μL of K-Blue substrate (Neogen) per well and        incubate for 5-10 minutes at RT.    -   8. Stop the reaction by adding 50/10 μl of RED STOP solution        (Neogen) to each well in a 96/384-well plate respectively.    -   9. Read the optical density at 650 nm using the Pherastar Plus.

Tau01 variant screening and affinity determination by Octet

-   -   1. Immediately prior to use, incubate protein G-coated sensors        (Pall ForteBio) in HBS-P⁺ buffer for 10 min.    -   2. Load 1 μg/mL antibody in HBS-P⁺ onto Protein G sensors for        600 seconds (immobilisation level of 0.8-1 nm).    -   3. Allow sensors to equilibrate in HBS-P⁺ for 180 seconds.    -   4. For screening assay, perform association step using 10 nM        TauC3 for 600 seconds. For kinetics assay, load ˜0.5 μg/mL        antibody in HBS-P⁺ for 10 mins and perform association step        using a concentration range from 20 nM to 0.31 nM TauC3 for 10        mins.    -   5. Perform dissociation step in HBS-P⁺ for 600 seconds.    -   6. Regenerate sensors with 10 mM glycine, pH1.5-2.0 for 5-30        seconds and neutralise by incubating in HBS-P⁺ buffer for 30-60        seconds. Repeat three times.

QuikChange Lightning Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit (Stratagene)

-   -   1. Prepare the reaction(s) as indicated below:        -   a. 5 μL of 10× reaction buffer        -   b. 0.12 μL (25 ng) of RHA or RKA template        -   c. 1.3 μL (125 ng) of oligonucleotide mutation primer For        -   d. 1.3 μL (125 ng) of oligonucleotide mutation primer Rev        -   e. 1 μL of dNTP mix        -   f. 1.5 μL of QuikSolution reagent        -   g. ddH2O to a final volume of 50 μL        -   h. 1 μL of QuikChange Lightning Enzyme.    -   2. Cycle each reaction using the cycling parameters outlined in        the following table:

3-step protocol Cycle step Time Temp. Cycles Initial denaturation 95° C.2 min 1 Denaturation Temp. 95° C. 20 s 18 Annealing 60° C. 10 sExtension 68° C. 3 min Final extension 68° C. 5 min 1  4° C. hold

-   -   3. Add 2 μL of the Dpn I restriction enzyme    -   4. Gently and thoroughly mix each reaction, microcentrifuge        briefly, then immediately incubate at 37° C. for 5 min to digest        the parental dsDNA    -   5. Transform 2 μL of the Dpn I-treated DNA from each reaction        into separate 45-μL (+2 μL (3-ME) aliquots of XL10-Gold        ultracompetent cells (see Transformation of TOP10™ E. coli).    -   6. Screen colonies using the Phusion method, miniprep and        sequence to check for the correct mutation.

Qiagen HiSpeed Maxiprep System Protocol

-   -   1. Pick from a freshly streaked selective plate or a glycerol        stock of the clone of interest and inoculate a starter culture        of 2-5 ml LB media supplemented with Kanamycin. Incubate for ˜8        hours at 37° C. with 250-300 rpm shaking.    -   2. Dilute the starter culture 1/1000 and inoculate 150-250 mL of        LB media supplemented with Kanamycin from the starter culture        and incubate overnight at 37° C. with 250-300 rpm shaking (12-16        hours).    -   3. Harvest the cells at 6,000×g for 15 mins. Discard the        supernatant.    -   4. Resuspend cell pellet thoroughly in 10 mL of Buffer P1 by        vortexing or pipetting.    -   5. Add 10 mL of Buffer P2. Invert vigorously 4-6 times to mix.        Incubate for 5 min at room temperature.    -   6. Add 10 mL of chilled Buffer P3. Invert vigorously 4-6 times        to mix.    -   7. Pour lysate into the barrel of a QIAfilter Cartridge.        Incubate at room temperature for 10 min.    -   8. Equilibrate a Hi Speed Maxi Tip by applying 10 ml Buffer QBT        and allow to empty by gravity flow.    -   9. Using a QIAfilter, filter the lysate into the equilibrated Hi        Speed Maxi Tip. Allow the lysate to enter the resin by gravity        flow.    -   10. Wash the HiSpeed Maxi Tip with 60 ml Buffer QC.    -   11. Elute DNA with 15 ml Buffer QF    -   12. Precipitate DNA by adding 10.5 ml isopropanol to the eluted        DNA. Mix and incubate at room temperature for 5 min.    -   13. Transfer the eluate/isopropanol mixture into a 30 ml syringe        and filter through the QIAprecipitator module.    -   14. Wash the DNA in the QIAprecipitator with 2 ml 70% Ethanol.        Dry the membrane by pressing air through the QIAprecipitator        numerous times.    -   15. Using a 5 ml syringe, elute the DNA in 1 ml nuclease-free        water. Transfer the eluate into the syringe and elute for a        second time.

Thermal Stability Comparison

-   -   1. Dilute fully humanized antibodies and the chimeric control to        1 μg/mL in PBS/0.2% Tween and aliquot at the appropriate volume        for the EC80 concentration into PCR tubes. Bring the volume up        to 100 μl with the same buffer.    -   2. Heat separately each tube for 10 min at temperatures between        30° C. and 85° C. with a 5° C. interval and cool to 4° C.    -   3. Freeze down the 1 μg/mL stock for 1 h and then dilute to the        EC80 concentration.    -   4. Perform the binding assay against TauC3 (Section 8.11) using        100 μl of each antibody per well (assay each temperature in        duplicate) in a 96-well plate.

Biacore Off-Rate Ranking and Kinetic Studies of the Tau01 HumanizedAntibodies

Off-Rate Ranking

-   -   1. Amine couple 0.5 μg/mL Human TauC3 in Acetate buffer pH 5 on        1 flow channel in a CM5 chip (GE Healthcare). Use the        immobilization wizard to aim for ˜15 RU with HBS-EP+ as the        running buffer.    -   2. Load antibody supernatants at 2.5 nM HBS-EP+ buffer at a flow        rate of 30 μL/min for 300s followed by 600s dissociation and a        30s regeneration using 3M MgCl₂. Export the raw data, subtract        the buffer baseline and fit the data using a one-phase decay or        two-phase decay in GraphPad Prism.

Kinetics

-   -   1. Amine couple 0.5 μg/mL Human TauC3 in Acetate buffer pH 5 on        1 flow channel in a CM5 chip. Use the immobilization wizard to        aim for ˜15 RU with HBS-EP+ as the running buffer.    -   2. Dilute each antibody to 5 nM and produce a 2-fold dilution        series down to 0.08 nM in HBS-EP+buffer. Inject each        concentration at 30 μL/min for 300s, followed by a dissociation        of 600s, a 30s regeneration using 3M MgCl₂ and a stabilization        period of 600s between cycles. Fit the data using a 1:1 Global        fit.

Binding Test FL Tau

-   -   1. Load 0.25 μg/mL antibody in HBS-EP+buffer on a Protein G chip        (GE Healthcare) at 10 μL/min for 30s. Increase the flow rate to        30 μL/min and add 250 nM FL Tau in HBS-EP+buffer for 180s.        Regenerate using 10 mM Glycine pH 1.5 for 30s

Purification of Antibody Candidates

-   -   Instrument: GE Healthcare AKTAxpress™ Purification System    -   Software: UNICORN    -   Columns: HiTrap MabSelect SuRe, 1 mL; HiLoad 16/600 Superdex 200        pg    -   Mobile phase: IgG Elution Buffer; Dulbecco's 1×PBS    -   Sample prep: Filtering through 0.22 μm    -   Injection volume: 200 mL Expi293 conditioned medium (1:1) in        DPBS    -   Flow rate: Sample loading at 0.5 mL/min; Gel filtration at 1.5        mL/min; Elution at 1 mL/min

SEC-MALS

-   -   1. 10 μl of each sample (1 mg/mL) was injected onto a SEC column        (AdvanceBio SEC 300 Å, 4.6×150 mm, 2.7 μm, LC column, Agilent)        and subsequently detected by three in-series detectors:        -   a. UV (Agilent 1260 Infinity HPLC system with thermostated            column compartment)        -   b. Light-scattering (Wyatt Technology DAWN HELEOS)        -   c. Differential Refractometer (Wyatt Technology Optilab            TRex)    -   2. A constant flow-rate of 0.4 mL/min was applied using a mobile        phase of Gibco's PBS (ThermoFisher) containing 0.05% sodium        azide. All experiments were carried out at 25° C.    -   3. The data was analyzed with Wyatt Technology ASTRA software        (version 6.1.2.83) and with the refractive index increment        (dn/dc) set to 0.185 (i.e. for protein analysis).    -   4. All samples were stored at 4° C., prior to analysis by        SEC-MALS.

Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)

-   -   1. Prepare 50 μl samples at 1.3 mg/ml (in Dulbecco's PBS; Sigma        D8537) and aliquot into a 384-well polypropylene plate (Greiner        bio-one).    -   2. Data is recorded on a Zetasizer APS (Malvern). All values        were recorded in triplicate and processed using the associated        Zetasizer software (version 7.11).    -   3. A cumulants analysis was performed to obtain mean particle        size (z-average) and the polydispersity index (PDI).

Mass Spectrometry

Mass spectrometry of purified chimeric and humanized candidateantibodies is depicted in FIG. 30.

Thermal Shift Comparison

-   -   1. Prepare samples directly into 96 well white PCR plate in a        final volume of 25 μL (purified antibody final concentration of        1 and 2 μM).    -   2. Sypro Orange—make stock 1:100 in PBS buffer, then add 1:10 to        final samples (e.g. 2.5 μL in 25 μL)    -   3. Load into the qPCR machine and use the MxPro software, SYBR        Green method, (filter=FRROX, no reference dye). Thermal profile        setup—71 cycles of 1° increase    -   4. Plot the results and determine Tm.

Cross-Interaction Chromatography (CIC)

-   -   1. Samples were analyzed by two separate 20 μl injections (0.5        mg/mL); firstly onto a 1 mL NHS activated resin (GE Healthcare)        coupled with 30 mg human polyclonal IgG (Sigma 14506) and        secondly onto a 1 mL NHS activated resin blank coupled, as        control column.    -   2. The mobile phase consisted of Dulbecco's PBS (Sigma D8537)        containing 0.01% sodium azide (0.1 mL/min) and all experiments        were performed at 25° C.    -   3. Eluted samples were detected by UV absorbance (Agilent 1260        Infinity HPLC system with thermostatted column compartment) and        data was analyzed using Wyatt Technology ASTRA software (version        6.1.2.83) to determine sample peak retention times. These were        then used to calculate a retention factor k′:

$k^{\prime} = \frac{\left( {{Tr} - {Tm}} \right)}{Tm}$

-   -   -   where T_(r) is the retention time of the sample on the            poly-IgG column and T_(m) is the retention time on the mock            (control) column.

Solubility

-   -   Load a Vivapore solvent absorption concentrator 7500 kDa MWCO        (VP0502 Satorius) with 3.5-5.0 ml antibody solution at 1 mg/ml        in PBS.    -   1. Monitor antibody concentration every 10 min by sampling a        small amount for measuring on the Nanodrop 2000 (ε=1.4) and        continue until the concentrated volume reaches the dead volume        of ˜30-50 μl.    -   2. Plot the concentration values (mg/ml) against the        corresponding time points to generate the concentration        profiles.

Circular Dichroism

-   -   1. Prepare 30 μL of sample, at 1 mg/ml (in Dulbecco's PBS; Sigma        D8537).    -   2. Dilute the 1 mg/mL sample to 0.15× with 10 mM Phosphate        buffer.    -   3. Readings were taken in a 1 mM spectrosil cuvette. Readings        were taken with a DIT of 4 seconds, and a scanning speed of 20        nm/min, with a step size of 1 nm.    -   4. The averaged blank spectra was subtracted from the sample        spectra, and then spectra converted to Δε. Spectra were then        zeroed against their 256-260 nm values. Smoothing was performed        by savitsky-golay filter via a custom excel function, sgFilter(        ) using a quadratic polynomial with a a window size of 7 (−2, 3,        6, 7, 6, 3, −2). Spectra are shown with error bars, which are        the average of the standard deviation at wavelengths +/−2 nm.

pI Analysis Using cIEF

-   -   1. Samples were concentrated to >5 mg/ml and desalted to <50 mM        NaCl levels whereupon 10 μl was added to 240 μl of a        pharmalyte/urea gel mastermix that contains the pI markers of        4.5/5.1/9.5 and 10.    -   2. The sample was mixed for at least 5 min and then 200 μl was        added to the sample PCR vial.    -   3. Samples were loaded onto the PA800 sample block along with        the cIEF gel, catholyte, anolyte and chemical mobilizer rinse        buffers into the chemical buffer block. The PA800 was loaded        with a neutral capillary and the default “condition” method is        run to prepare the capillary for sample analysis.    -   4. Each sample was run using the correct “separation” method        that is dependant on the level of Urea present within the        sample.    -   5. Data is analysed using 32 Karat software and the pI markers        provide the standard curve to quantify the sample peak pI        values.

Antibody Serum Stability Assessment

-   -   1. Prepare 600 μl of polished antibody at 0.4 mg/mL in PBS.    -   2. Use Mouse serum (SCD-808), Human serum (S-123) and Cyno serum        (S-118) from Seralab. Aliquot 150 μl serum and PBS control in a        round bottom 96-well plate and add 50 μl 0.4 mg/mL antibody        solution in PBS (final concentration of 100 ug/mL) in        triplicates to each serum type in a tissue culture cabinet        (BSL-2). Keep some at 4° C. to use as a control.

Serum incubation plate layout PBS Mouse serum Human serum Cyno serum PBSMouse serum Human serum Cyno serum PBS Mouse serum Human serum Cynoserum

-   -   3. Seal the plate and incubate at 37° C.    -   4. Take 20 μl samples at specific intervals (e.g. day 10,        day 20) under sterile conditions (BSL-2) to avoid contamination.        Freeze at −20° C. until analysis.    -   5. Analyze the longest incubation first. Dilute samples        appropriately and assay for antigen binding to TauC3 by        generating ELISA binding curves for each sample (3*dilutions)        (section 8.11). Compare the PBS/all serums per mAb sample on the        same plate, using non-incubated antibody as control (NI).

All references, publications and patent documents cited herein, as wellas text appearing in the figures and sequence listing, are herebyincorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes to the sameextent as if each were so individually denoted.

In the preceding specification, the invention has been described withreference to specific exemplary embodiments and examples thereof. Itwill, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may bemade thereto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of theinvention as set forth in the claims that follow. The specification anddrawings are accordingly to be regarded in an illustrative manner ratherthan a restrictive sense.

Citation of any document herein is not intended as an admission thatsuch document is pertinent prior art, or considered material to thepatentability of any claim of the present application. Any statement asto content or a date of any document is based on the informationavailable to applicant at the time of filing and does not constitute anadmission as to the correctness of such a statement.

1-20. (canceled)
 21. A method of treating a neurodegenerative disorderin a subject comprising administering a therapeutically effective amountof an anti-TauC3 antibody to the subject, wherein the anti-TauC3antibody comprises (a) a variable heavy chain (V_(H)) polypeptidepossessing at least 70% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 13, and avariable light chain (V_(L)) polypeptide possessing at least 70%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ IDNO: 17, or SEQ ID NO: 18; and has a binding affinity (KD) for TauC3 from1×10¹⁰ to 1×10⁻¹² M; and a binding affinity (KD) for a full length tauof from 1×10⁻⁴ to 1×10⁻⁸ M.
 22. The method of claim 21, wherein theanti-TauC3 antibody is a humanized antibody.
 23. The method of claim 22,the anti-TauC3 antibody has a binding affinity (KD) for TauC3 from about10 pM to about 40 pM.
 24. The method of claim 23, the anti-TauC3antibody has a binding affinity (KD) for TauC3 from about 10 pM to about35 pM.
 25. The method of claim 22, wherein the V_(H) polypeptidecomprises CDR1 represented by SEQ ID NO: 7, CDR2 represented by SEQ IDNO: 8, and CDR3 represented by SEQ ID NO: 9; and the V_(L) polypeptidecomprises CDR1 represented by SEQ ID NO: 10, CDR2 represented by SEQ IDNO: 11, and CDR3 represented by SEQ ID NO:
 12. 26. The method of claim22, wherein the anti-TauC3 antibody comprises a V_(H) polypeptidepossessing at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 13, and a V_(L)polypeptide possessing at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 14,SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, or SEQ ID NO:
 18. 27. Themethod of claim 22, wherein the anti-TauC3 antibody comprises a V_(H)polypeptide possessing at least 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 13,and a V_(L) polypeptide possessing at least 85% sequence identity to SEQID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, or SEQ ID NO:18.
 28. The method of claim 22, wherein the anti-TauC3 antibodycomprises a V_(H) polypeptide possessing at least 90% sequence identityto SEQ ID NO: 13, and a V_(L) polypeptide possessing at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ IDNO: 17, or SEQ ID NO:
 18. 29. The method of claim 22, wherein theanti-TauC3 antibody comprises a V_(H) polypeptide possessing at least95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 13, and a V_(L) polypeptidepossessing at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, or SEQ ID NO:
 18. 30. The method ofclaim 22, wherein the V_(H) polypeptide is a polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:13 and the V_(L) polypeptide is a polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ IDNO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, or SEQ ID NO:
 18. 31. The methodof claim 31, wherein the V_(H) polypeptide is a polypeptide of SEQ IDNO: 13 and the V_(L) polypeptide is a polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:
 18. 32.The method of claim 22, wherein the anti-TauC3 antibody is in an amounteffective to inhibit pathological tau aggregation.
 33. The method ofclaim 22, wherein the anti-TauC3 antibody is in an amount effective toblock spreading of pathological tau, tau fibrils and tau aggregates. 34.An antigen-binding fragment of an antibody comprising (a) a heavy chainvariable region comprising CDR1 homologous to SEQ ID NO: 7, CDR2homologous to SEQ ID NO: 8, and CDR3 homologous to SEQ ID NO: 9; and (b)a light chain variable region comprising CDR1 homologous to SEQ ID NO:10, CDR2 homologous to SEQ ID NO: 11, and CDR3 homologous to SEQ ID NO:12; and having a binding affinity (KD) for TauC3 of from 1×10-10 and1×10-12 and an off-rate (Kd) of 1×10-3 s-1 or less (e.g., from 1×10-4 to1×10-3 s-1), and a binding affinity (KD) for SEQ ID NO:1 of from 1×10-4to 1×10-8 M, or no detectable binding with SEQ ID NO:1.
 35. Theantigen-binding fragment of the antibody of claim 34, which is a Fabfragment, a Fab′ fragment, a F(ab′)2 fragment, or a scFv fragment. 36.The antigen-binding fragment of the antibody of claim 34 comprising (a)a heavy chain variable region comprising CDR1 identical to SEQ ID NO: 7,CDR2 identical to SEQ ID NO: 8, and CDR3 identical to SEQ ID NO: 9; and(b) a light chain variable region comprising CDR1 identical to SEQ IDNO: 10, CDR2 identical to SEQ ID NO: 11, and CDR3 identical to SEQ IDNO:
 12. 37. An isolated anti-tauC3 antibody, which has a bindingaffinity (KD) for TauC3 from 1×10⁻¹⁰ to 1×10⁻¹² M, and a bindingaffinity (KD) for a full length tau of from 1×10⁻⁴ to 1×10⁻⁸M, whereinthe antibody comprises (a) a variable heavy chain (V_(H)) polypeptidecomprising CDR1 represented by SEQ ID NO: 7, CDR2 represented by SEQ IDNO: 8, and CDR3 represented by SEQ ID NO: 9; and (b) a variable lightchain (V_(L)) polypeptide comprising CDR1 represented by SEQ ID NO: 10,CDR2 represented by SEQ ID NO: 11, and CDR3 represented by SEQ ID NO:12; and is a humanized antibody or a chimeric antibody.
 38. The isolatedanti-TauC3 antibody of claim 37, which is the humanized antibody and hasan off-rate K_(d) for TauC3 from 1×10⁻⁴ to 1×10⁻³ s⁻¹.
 39. The isolatedanti-TauC3 antibody of claim 38, which is the humanized antibody and hasa binding affinity (KD) for TauC3 from about 10 pM to about 40 pM. 40.The isolated anti-TauC3 antibody of claim 39, which has a bindingaffinity (KD) for TauC3 from about 10 to about 35 pM.